Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

1.8K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
1.8K
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

2.6K
Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
2.6K
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

7.2K
Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
7.2K
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

7.6K
Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
7.6K
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions

5.9K
Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
When the tumor suppressor genes develop mutations or are lost, cells start growing out of control, leading to cancer. However, a single functional copy of the tumor suppressor gene is enough for the cells to maintain their normal functions and cell...
5.9K
Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

5.9K
Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
5.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Very low-amplitude muscle activity increases probability of motor evoked potentials in healthy individuals and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Experimental physiology·2026
Same author

Tau20-RETROmapping System Identifies Driver-Like Activation Patterns in Real-Time During Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.

Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology·2026
Same author

Effectiveness of a capacity-building training for knowledge and practices of tobacco control and oral cancer prevention: a pre-post study from rural northern India.

BMC oral health·2026
Same author

Depth of response to primary POMB/ACE chemotherapy predicts survival in poor prognosis germ-cell tumours.

British journal of cancer·2026
Same author

Exploring role of therapeutic plasma exchange for hepatitis A-related acute liver failure: An Indian multi-center cohort study.

Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology·2026
Same author

Using an artificial intelligence-based device to investigate pain outcomes in robotic prostatectomy at low pressure pneumoperitoneum: The RALP clinical trial.

BJUI compass·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
09:15

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Published on: February 24, 2023

3.9K

Immunotherapy in Urological Tumors.

Anand Sharma1, Narin Suleyman2, Oliver Jones2

  • 1Department of Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre Northwood, UK.

Reviews in Urology
|June 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Immunotherapy using anti-programmed-death 1 (PD-1), anti-PD-ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors has advanced cancer treatment. This review focuses on their application in urothelial, renal, prostate, and testicular cancers.

Keywords:
Cell wall-derived therapiesCytokinesImmune checkpoint inhibitorsImmunotherapyRecombinant BCGUrological tumors

More Related Videos

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy
08:40

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

Published on: August 1, 2013

18.6K
A Mouse Tumor Model of Surgical Stress to Explore the Mechanisms of Postoperative Immunosuppression and Evaluate Novel Perioperative Immunotherapies
13:37

A Mouse Tumor Model of Surgical Stress to Explore the Mechanisms of Postoperative Immunosuppression and Evaluate Novel Perioperative Immunotherapies

Published on: March 12, 2014

30.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
09:15

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Published on: February 24, 2023

3.9K
Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy
08:40

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

Published on: August 1, 2013

18.6K
A Mouse Tumor Model of Surgical Stress to Explore the Mechanisms of Postoperative Immunosuppression and Evaluate Novel Perioperative Immunotherapies
13:37

A Mouse Tumor Model of Surgical Stress to Explore the Mechanisms of Postoperative Immunosuppression and Evaluate Novel Perioperative Immunotherapies

Published on: March 12, 2014

30.5K

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Significant advancements in understanding tumor biology over the past decade.
  • Emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 pathways.
  • Demonstrated efficacy of these immunotherapies across various cancer types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the application of immunotherapy agents in genitourinary malignancies.
  • To provide an overview of current treatment strategies involving PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors in specific urologic cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on immunotherapy in genitourinary cancers.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data and treatment guidelines.
  • Synthesis of information on efficacy and application of immunotherapeutic agents.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy agents show activity in melanoma, lung, head and neck, colorectal, and urological cancers.
  • Specific focus on the use of these agents in urothelial, renal, prostate, and testicular tumors.
  • Highlighting the growing role of immunotherapy in treating genitourinary cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy represents a significant therapeutic advance in oncology.
  • These agents are increasingly utilized in urothelial, renal, prostate, and testicular cancers.
  • Further research is ongoing to expand the role of immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancies.