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Crossing Over01:34

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells divide to produce haploid daughter cells. In humans, each diploid cell contains 46 chromosomes, half from the mother and half from the father. Following meiosis, the resulting haploid eggs or sperm only contain 23 chromosomes; however, each of these chromosomes contains a unique combination of parental information that results from the meiotic process of crossing over.
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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Determining the Role of Maternally-Expressed Genes in Early Development with Maternal Crispants
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Maternal Abortifacient use for Clandestine Abortion.

Dana L Hopson1, Jennifer Ross1

  • 1Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences.

Academic Forensic Pathology
|June 27, 2019
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Summary

Maternal use of abortion medications like misoprostol, purchased online, is increasing for at-home pregnancy termination. This trend necessitates guidance for medical examiners investigating such cases.

Keywords:
AbortionForensic pathologyMifepristoneMisoprostolRU-486

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Examiner Investigations
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Abortion is a debated procedure, with most occurring in clinical settings.
  • Clandestine abortions, though less common, are documented, often using dangerous methods.
  • Reports of clandestine medication abortion in the U.S. are rare.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report cases of suspected at-home medication abortion in the United States.
  • To highlight the increasing trend of using online-purchased abortion medications.
  • To provide investigative guidance for medical examiners.

Main Methods:

  • Case series analysis of suspected medication abortions.
  • Review of medications used: misoprostol and/or mifepristone.
  • Investigation into the source of medications (online, international shipping).

Main Results:

  • Documented cases of maternal use or suspected use of misoprostol and mifepristone for at-home abortion.
  • Medications were primarily sourced from internet sites, often shipped internationally.
  • Anticipated increase in such cases due to online accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal use of medications for at-home abortion is an emerging issue.
  • Online accessibility of abortifacient drugs poses new challenges for public health and medical examiners.
  • Standardized investigative protocols are needed for these cases.