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Membrane curvature induces cardiolipin sorting.

Elena Beltrán-Heredia1,2, Feng-Ching Tsai3, Samuel Salinas-Almaguer2

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique lipid found in curved membrane regions of bacteria and mitochondria.
  • Its conical shape is hypothesized to relieve membrane curvature stress.
  • Previous in vivo studies suggested a link between CL concentration and membrane shape, but in vitro data were lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the in vitro sorting of cardiolipin (CL) in response to membrane curvature.
  • To quantify the relationship between CL concentration and membrane geometry in isolated systems.
  • To provide insights into the physical principles governing CL localization in biological membranes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized lipid-bilayer nanotubes to isolate and control membrane curvature.
  • Performed experiments to observe cardiolipin (CL) sorting as a function of varying tube curvature.
  • Developed a membrane elasticity model incorporating van der Waals entropy to interpret observations.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated clear cardiolipin (CL) sorting with increasing nanotube curvature.
  • Observed maximal CL sorting at specific, optimal CL concentrations, consistent with self-associative clustering.
  • Predicted a negative intrinsic curvature of -1.1 nm⁻¹ for CL based on the elasticity model.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiolipin (CL) actively sorts into curved membrane regions, supporting the geometry-driven localization hypothesis.
  • The findings elucidate the physicochemical basis of CL's role in organizing bacterial and mitochondrial membranes.
  • This research provides a quantitative understanding of lipid-geometry interplay in biological membranes.