Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

Internal Receptors

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Structural and genetic basis for broad antibody recognition of a protective epitope on orthomarburgvirus GP2.

Cell reports·2026

Same author

Dynamic <i>S</i>-Acylation of GSDMA Regulates Pyroptosis.

ACS chemical biology·2026

Same author

TEpiNom: A computational framework integrating population data to prioritize Plasmodium falciparum T cell epitopes.

Vaccine·2026

Same author

Antigenicity of key hepatitis C virus E1E2 glycoprotein neutralizing sites is genotype independent.

The Journal of general virology·2026

Same author

Structural insights into clonal restriction and diversity in T cell recognition of two immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitopes.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Dynamic <i>S</i>-acylation of GSDMA regulates pyroptosis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: January 12, 2021

TCR3d: The T cell receptor structural repertoire database.

Ragul Gowthaman^1,2,3, Brian G Pierce^1,2,3

¹University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)

|June 27, 2019

Summary

The TCR3d database centralizes structural information for T cell receptors (TCRs) and their antigen recognition. This resource aids researchers in understanding TCR diversity and developing new immunotherapies.

More Related Videos

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: March 15, 2019

Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research

Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research

Published on: January 22, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: January 12, 2021

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: March 15, 2019

Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research

Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research

Published on: January 22, 2011

Area of Science:

Immunology
Structural Biology
Bioinformatics

Background:

T cell receptors (TCRs) are key to adaptive immunity, recognizing diverse antigens and forming a basis for novel therapeutics.
Understanding TCR-antigen interactions is challenging due to the vast TCR repertoire and sequence diversity.
Predictive modeling of TCR specificity is hindered by individual variations in TCR recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

To create a comprehensive database of T cell receptor (TCR) structures.
To focus on the structural and mechanistic basis of TCR-antigen recognition.
To provide a centralized resource for the research community studying TCRs.

Main Methods:

Compiled all known TCR structures, emphasizing antigen recognition complexes.
Integrated data on antigen binding modes, interface features, loop sequences, and germline gene usage.
Developed an interactive platform for viewing, searching, and downloading TCR structural data.

Main Results:

Established the TCR3d database, a curated collection of TCR structural information.
Included detailed data on TCR-antigen binding characteristics.
Ensured the database is updated weekly for current research needs.

Conclusions:

The TCR3d database offers a valuable resource for studying T cell receptor structure and function.
It facilitates research into TCR-antigen recognition mechanisms.
The database supports the development of TCR-based therapeutics by providing structural insights.