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Types of Chemical Bonds02:37

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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A chemical formula presents information about the proportions of atoms constituting a particular chemical compound or molecule, mainly using symbols of elements and numbers. At times other symbols, such as dashes, parentheses, brackets, commas, plus, and minus signs, are also used. A chemical formula can be one of three types – molecular, empirical, and structural.
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Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the left side of the equation. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on the right side of the equation. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (→) separates the reactant and product (left and right)...
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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
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Vinyl Chloride and High-Fat Diet as a Model of Environment and Obesity Interaction
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Invited Commentary: Interaction Between Diet and Chemical Exposures.

Amelia K Wesselink1, Elizabeth E Hatch1, Lauren A Wise1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA.

American Journal of Epidemiology
|June 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Higher air pollution exposure reduced fertility success in women with low folate intake. Adequate supplemental folate (≥800 μg/day) mitigated these adverse reproductive health effects.

Keywords:
air pollutiondieteffect modificationfertilityfolate

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Epidemiology
  • Reproductive Toxicology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Dietary factors can mitigate adverse health effects from chemical exposures.
  • Ambient air pollution is a growing concern for developmental and reproductive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between ambient air pollution exposure and supplemental folate intake on fertility treatment success.
  • To assess if adequate folate intake can counteract the negative impact of air pollution on reproductive health.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a cohort of 304 women undergoing fertility treatment in Boston, Massachusetts.
  • Assessment of exposure to ambient air pollutants and daily supplemental folate intake (<800 μg/day vs. ≥800 μg/day).

Main Results:

  • Women with higher air pollution exposure had lower fertility success rates, but only when consuming less than 800 μg/day of supplemental folate.
  • No significant association between air pollution exposure and fertility success was observed in women consuming 800 μg/day or more of supplemental folate.

Conclusions:

  • Supplemental folate intake may play a protective role against the adverse effects of air pollution on fertility.
  • Public health strategies should consider the interplay between environmental exposures and nutritional status for reproductive health.
  • Further research is needed to explore this interaction in diverse populations and across different exposure metrics.