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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities
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Auditory Brainstem Responses in Children with Auditory Processing Disorder.

Sangamanatha Ankmnal-Veeranna1, Chris Allan1,2, Prudence Allen1,2

  • 1National Centre for Audiology, Western University, London, Canada.

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology
|June 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) reveal synaptic delays in children with auditory processing disorder (APD), suggesting neurophysiologic origins for listening difficulties. This supports ABRs as a valuable tool in APD assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Audiology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) recommends electrophysiological measures for auditory processing disorder (APD) assessment.
  • Limited evidence on utility may explain underutilization by audiologists.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in children with APD to age-matched controls (typically developing children and adults).
  • To investigate the neurophysiological underpinnings of listening difficulties in children with suspected APD (sAPD).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of click-evoked ABRs from 108 children with sAPD.
  • Comparison with ABRs from 20 adults and 22 typically developing (TD) children.
  • ABR analysis using clinical measures (latencies, interpeak intervals) and a detailed axonal/synaptic delay model.

Main Results:

  • No significant ABR differences between TD children and adults.
  • Children with sAPD showed prolonged absolute latencies compared to adults, but not TD children.
  • Individual children with sAPD exhibited clinically significant delays.
  • Significant synaptic transmission delays were observed in children with sAPD compared to controls.
  • A synaptic pattern of abnormalities was found in 37.03% of children with sAPD.

Conclusions:

  • Children with sAPD often display ABR abnormalities, indicating a neurophysiologic origin, potentially at the first synapse.
  • These findings support the utility of click-evoked ABRs in comprehensive auditory processing disorder assessments.
  • Objective evidence of synaptic dysfunction can explain reported listening difficulties in children with APD.