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Related Concept Videos

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions01:17

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions

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A phase I reaction is a biochemical process that introduces a functionally reactive polar group to a substance. This transformation predominantly occurs in the liver, facilitated by the cytochrome P450 system of hemoproteins situated in the lipophilic endoplasmic reticulum of cells. The metabolite generated through this process can have varying polarities. If it is sufficiently polar, it can be easily excreted in the urine due to its water compatibility. However, if the metabolite is nonpolar,...
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Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism01:30

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The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
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Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects01:21

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Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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A Combined 3D Tissue Engineered In Vitro/In Silico Lung Tumor Model for Predicting Drug Effectiveness in Specific Mutational Backgrounds
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Predicting gastrointestinal drug effects using contextualized metabolic models.

Marouen Ben Guebila1, Ines Thiele1,2,3

  • 1Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.

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Predicting drug side effects by combining gene expression and gut metabolism data improves safety assessments for new and existing medications. This approach enhances understanding of drug action in the small intestine.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Computational Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Gastrointestinal side effects are common adverse reactions to oral drugs, reducing patient compliance and causing physiological harm.
  • Predicting drug effects on the gut wall using in vitro data can enhance drug safety for marketed products and early-stage clinical trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a predictive model for drug-induced gastrointestinal side effects.
  • To investigate the role of small intestine metabolism in adverse drug reactions.
  • To reclassify drugs based on their genetic and metabolic profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized publicly available drug-induced gene expression data to construct drug-specific small intestine epithelial cell metabolic models.
  • Combined in vitro gene expression data with in silico predicted metabolic rates in the gut wall.
  • Employed a multilabel support vector machine classifier to predict side effect occurrence.

Main Results:

  • The combined approach of integrating gut wall metabolism with gene expression data demonstrated superior performance compared to using gene expression alone.
  • This finding highlights the significant contribution of small intestine metabolism to the development of adverse drug reactions.
  • Reclassification of FDA-approved drugs revealed previously unrecognized similarities based on their transcriptomic and metabolic profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating transcriptomic and metabolic data provides a more accurate prediction of drug-induced gastrointestinal side effects.
  • Small intestine metabolism plays a crucial role in the manifestation of adverse drug reactions.
  • Linking xenobiotics to their transcriptomic and metabolic profiles offers a novel approach to drug classification beyond traditional indication-based systems.