CO2 production of the chick embryo during the first day of post-laying development

The carbon dioxide production of the chick embryo cultured in vitro has been determined during the first 24 h of post-laying development using a non-invasive conductometric microtechnique. The mean CO2 production of the whole blastoderm (1) increased from 16 nmol/h at laying to 231 nmol/h at early neurulation, (2) became dependent on exogenous glucose and (3) was closely linked to mechanical tension generated in the blastoderm (loosening from vitelline membrane resulted in a decrease of 56%). In our experimental conditions, no significant influence of carbonic anhydrase on the CO2 production has been detected. The value of the respiratory exchange ratio varied from about 3 at pregastrular stages to 1 at neurula stage and CO2 was produced transiently in presence of antimycin A. Such results indicate that the source of CO2 is not exclusively mitochondrial and that the relative proportions of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial CO2 productions might vary significantly throughout the early development. Our findings confirm that the metabolism of the chick embryo becomes more and more oxidative from laying onwards and suggest that the modifications of metabolism observed during the studied period of development could be associated with functional differentiation.