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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization
Published on: June 12, 2013
Heterogeneity of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis
Christopher Stremmel1,2, Konstantin Stark1,2, Christian Schulz1,2
1Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Abstract:
Atherosclerosis is a prevalent inflammatory condition and a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Macrophages are among the key immune cells driving lesion formation in the arterial wall. They have therefore evolved as potential targets for therapeutic strategies. Understanding of the different macrophage phenotypes and functions seems to be of pivotal importance for the development of treatments to target these immune cells. This review highlights the complexity of the mononuclear phagocyte system and summarizes important features of macrophage biology contributing to atherosclerosis.
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Catalysis
Classifying Matter by Composition
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures.
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated.
A mixture is composed of two or...

