IL-9 Exerts Antitumor Effects in Colon Cancer and Transforms the Tumor Microenvironment In Vivo

As a newly discovered cytokine, interleukin 9 was initially considered a T-lymphocyte growth factor. Interleukin 9 affects target cells by binding to a member of the γc-family of receptors and is involved in inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and other ailments. In recent years, mounting evidence reveals that interleukin 9 exerts antitumor effects, which has attracted considerable attention. Many previous studies were performed in vivo by establishing a mouse model of melanoma. Here, interleukin 9 protein and messenger RNA expression levels were both low in colon carcinoma tissue specimens, as assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, interleukin 9 expression in these samples was correlated with TNM staging, Dukes staging, lymph node metastasis, and good prognosis, but not with gender, age, tumor size, tumor differentiation, and hepatic metastasis. In vivo, by establishing a mouse subcutaneous allograft model, we found that interleukin 9 overexpression inhibited tumor growth and resulted in longer survival time. Then, antitumor immune responses were increased by interleukin 9 as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, interleukin 9 was shown to exert antitumor effects by regulating T-cell function and killing tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Overall, this study revealed that interleukin 9 exerts robust antitumor effects in colon cancer and transforms the tumor microenvironment in vivo.