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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
08:25

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: April 25, 2025

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Current options and future possibilities for the systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Jean-Luc Raoul1, Jean-Sébastien Frenel1, Judith Raimbourg1

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes 44805 Saint-Herblain, France.

Hepatic Oncology
|June 28, 2019
PubMed

Insights

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treatment has new options like lenvatinib and immunotherapies. This review summarizes therapies and proposes an algorithm, as no biomarkers currently guide treatment choices for this cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatobiliary Cancers
  • Medical Oncology
  • Translational Research

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often recurs after curative treatment.
  • Sorafenib was the first targeted therapy for advanced HCC in 2007.
  • Recent advancements include new tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current first- and second-line therapies for advanced HCC.
  • To propose a treatment algorithm based on subgroup analyses.
  • To highlight the lack of predictive biomarkers for guiding therapy selection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical trials and subgroup analyses.
  • Synthesis of data from targeted therapies and immunotherapies.
  • Development of a proposed therapeutic algorithm.

Main Results:

  • Lenvatinib is a new first-line option alongside sorafenib.
  • Second-line options include regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab.
  • No validated biomarkers currently exist to direct treatment decisions.

Conclusions:

  • A therapeutic algorithm is proposed to aid clinical decision-making in advanced HCC.
  • Future research should focus on identifying biomarkers for personalized treatment.
  • Head-to-head comparisons for second-line therapies are unlikely.
Keywords:
cabozantiniblenvatinibnivolumabpembrolizumabramucirumabregorafenibsorafenib

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