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Related Concept Videos

Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction01:17

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
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Tachycardia is a condition marked by an abnormally fast or irregular heart rate, surpassing the typical resting rate. In adults, tachycardia is characterized by a pulse rate ranging from 100 to 180 beats per minute. The increased heart rate can result in inadequate blood flow to various body parts, ultimately diminishing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.
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A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate PolyLactic Acid Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size
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Poly(D,L-Lactic Acid) Nanoparticle Size Reduction Increases Its Immunotoxicity.

Jessica Da Silva1,2, Sandra Jesus1, Natália Bernardi1,2

  • 1Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|June 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study evaluated polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) for toxicity. Smaller PLA NPs showed higher cytotoxicity, highlighting the importance of size and medium in nanoparticle safety assessments.

Keywords:
cell culture mediumdrug delivery systemshemocompatibilityimmunotoxicitypoly(D,L-lactic acid)polylactic acidpolymeric nanoparticlessize-dependent cytotoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer widely used in drug and antigen delivery systems.
  • The immunotoxicological profile of PLA nanoparticles (NPs) requires further investigation.
  • Understanding NP behavior in different biological media is crucial for safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the toxicity of two different sized PLA NPs produced via nanoprecipitation.
  • To characterize PLA NPs' physicochemical properties in vitro.
  • To assess the impact of NP size and medium on cytotoxicity and ROS production.

Main Methods:

  • Production and characterization of two PLA NP formulations (PLAA and PLAB) using nanoprecipitation.
  • Assessment of NP size and zeta potential in RPMI and DMEM media.
  • Evaluation of cytotoxicity in PBMCs and RAW 264.7 cells.
  • Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production.
  • Hemolytic activity assay in human blood.

Main Results:

  • PLA NP size varied significantly depending on the dispersion medium (RPMI vs. DMEM).
  • PLAA NPs exhibited higher cytotoxicity and ROS production in DMEM, correlating with smaller size in that medium.
  • No significant inflammatory potential (NO production) or hemolytic activity was observed for either NP type.

Conclusions:

  • Smaller PLA NP populations may possess increased cytotoxicity.
  • Physicochemical characterization in relevant biological media is essential for accurate toxicity assessment of nanoformulations.
  • Interpreting NP toxicity requires careful consideration of size-dependent effects and medium-induced alterations.