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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

16.0K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
5.0K
Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
7.3K
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

9.4K
The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
9.4K
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

9.8K
In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Histone Code and Higher-Order Chromatin Folding: A Hypothesis.

Kirti Prakash1, David Fournier2

  • 1Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.

Genomics and Computational Biology
|June 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The histone code, a system of histone modifications, influences chromatin structure and function. This study proposes the histone code drives DNA compaction at multiple levels, from nucleosomes to chromosomes.

Keywords:
chromatin foldingchromatin organizationepigenetic regulationhistone codehistone modificationmeiosisnucleosomesuper-resolution microscopy

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Histone modifications are crucial for regulating gene expression and chromatin structure.
  • The concept of the 'histone code' suggests these modifications dictate cellular functions.
  • The role of the histone code in higher-order chromatin folding remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the histone code in higher-order chromatin folding.
  • To analyze the relationship between histone modifications at different scales of chromatin organization.
  • To propose a theory on how the histone code impacts DNA compaction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genomic data to identify associations between histone modifications at the nucleosome level.
  • Dissection of nucleosome composition into distinct clusters of histone modifications.
  • Assembly of histone modification data at various length scales to assess conserved relationships.

Main Results:

  • Five distinct clusters of histone modifications were identified at the nucleosome level.
  • Histone mark relationships observed at the nucleosome level were found to be maintained at higher orders of chromatin folding.
  • Specific histone mark clusters correlated with structurally distinct and anti-correlated chromatin domains at the chromosomal level.

Conclusions:

  • The histone code significantly impacts DNA compaction at nucleosome, gene, and chromosome levels.
  • Evidence supports the histone code's role in driving higher-order chromatin folding.
  • A theoretical framework is proposed where the histone code governs both chromatin functionality and compaction.