Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

14.2K
Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA...
14.2K
Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

4.3K
4.3K
Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

8.8K
It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...
8.8K
Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

3.1K
3.1K
ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

4.7K
V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
4.7K
ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

6.2K
The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
6.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Exchange-selective excitation pulses for dynamic magnetic resonance.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Alexander Pines and the end of an era.

Science advances·2025
Same author

The frontiers of chemical imaging.

Science advances·2024
Same author

Noninvasive identification of carbon-based black pigments with pump-probe microscopy.

Science advances·2024
Same author

Interplay of Near-Zero-Field Dephasing, Rephasing, and Relaxation Dynamics and [1-<sup>13</sup>C]Pyruvate Polarization Transfer Efficiency in Pulsed SABRE-SHEATH.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2022
Same author

Beating the odds for journal acceptance.

Science advances·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes
08:23

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Published on: March 2, 2020

13.5K

Visualization of vermilion degradation using pump-probe microscopy.

Jin Yu1, Warren S Warren1,2,3,4, Martin C Fischer1,4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.

Science Advances
|June 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Pump-probe microscopy effectively analyzes vermilion (α-HgS) degradation, identifying mercury (Hg) and β-HgS products. This technique maps pigment distribution, aiding art conservation and understanding historical material science.

More Related Videos

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
13:58

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Published on: September 28, 2016

12.2K
Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys
12:18

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

3.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes
08:23

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Published on: March 2, 2020

13.5K
Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
13:58

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Published on: September 28, 2016

12.2K
Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys
12:18

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

3.3K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Art Conservation Science

Background:

  • Vermilion (α-HgS), a vital red pigment in historical art, degrades to black over time.
  • Metallic mercury (Hg) and β-HgS are suspected degradation products, challenging conventional analysis.
  • Existing techniques lack the spatial resolution to differentiate α-HgS and β-HgS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate pump-probe microscopy for high-resolution analysis of vermilion degradation.
  • To differentiate and map metallic Hg, α-HgS, and β-HgS at the microscopic level.
  • To investigate the mechanisms of vermilion degradation under different stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized pump-probe microscopy for high-resolution imaging and chemical differentiation.
  • Simulated vermilion degradation using femtosecond-pulsed laser irradiation and continuous ultraviolet exposure.
  • Analyzed natural degradation in a 14th-century Italian painting.

Main Results:

  • Pump-probe microscopy successfully differentiated metallic Hg, α-HgS, and β-HgS, mapping their distributions.
  • Laser irradiation induced an irreversible α- to β-HgS phase shift, accelerated by existing β-HgS.
  • UV exposure generated liquid Hg and β-HgS, with degradation rates increasing with temperature.
  • β-HgS was identified as a natural degradation product in a historical artwork.

Conclusions:

  • Pump-probe microscopy offers unprecedented spatial resolution for studying pigment degradation.
  • Understanding degradation pathways is crucial for the conservation of historical artifacts.
  • This method advances the analysis of inorganic pigments in cultural heritage