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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

1.3K
Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance01:24

Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance

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Primary motives such as sleep, sex, and pain avoidance are crucial drivers of behavior in humans and animals. These motives ensure survival, reproductive success, and overall well-being by prompting actions that meet essential bodily needs.
Sleep is a fundamental physiological drive that fosters a state of restfulness crucial for several bodily functions. It facilitates body restoration, the process by which the body repairs, rejuvenates, and maintains itself during sleep, including memory...
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Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Nursing Evaluation01:15

Nursing Evaluation

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The evaluation stage signals the end of the nursing process. The nurse gathers evaluative data to assess whether or not the patient has attained the expected results. Whereas the nurse collects data in the nursing assessment to identify the patient's health concerns, the evaluation stage data determines if the indicated health issues are resolved. Evaluative data collection includes two sections: the data acquired to evaluate patient outcomes and the time criteria for data collection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
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Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

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Orofacial pain evaluation in children.

E Lamart1, M Santagata1, G Tartaro1

  • 1Policlinico I, Università Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.

European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
|June 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Accurate orofacial pain assessment in children is crucial for diagnosis and treatment. This study reviews pain scales and diagnostic tools to help clinicians effectively manage pediatric head and neck pain.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Pain Management
  • Child Psychology

Background:

  • Evaluating and diagnosing pain in children, especially orofacial pain, presents unique challenges due to their communication and cognitive immaturity.
  • Difficulties in accurately assessing pain intensity and characteristics can lead to diagnostic uncertainty and hesitation in initiating drug therapy for pediatric patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose essential tools for evaluating and measuring pain in children, suitable for use alongside clinical assessment.
  • To aid in formulating precise differential diagnoses for head and neck pathologies causing orofacial pain in pediatric populations.
  • To present a list of common painful diseases affecting the head and neck region in children.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted on methods for evaluating and measuring pain in children.

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  • Commonly used pain measurement scales such as the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Visual Simple Numerical (VSN), Color Analog Scale (CAS), Faces Pain Scale (FPS), and the Oucher Scale were examined.
  • Causes of orofacial pain were categorized into extracranial and intracranial to facilitate diagnosis.

    • Main Results:

    • Orofacial pain is a frequent concern in pediatric dentistry, and its evaluation is feasible despite challenges with patient compliance.
    • Modern techniques and knowledge enable realistic and reproducible pain assessment in children.
    • Pain evaluation scales are adaptable to various child ages and abilities, supporting accurate diagnosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Pain evaluation scales, combined with thorough patient history (anamnesis) and clinical examination, are effective tools for diagnosing pediatric orofacial pain.
    • These methods empower clinicians to establish precise differential diagnoses and tailor optimal therapeutic strategies for young patients experiencing head and neck pain.