Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
Pleural Effusion I: Introduction
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion
Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description
Nursing Diagnosis
Documentation of Nursing Diagnosis
You might also read
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Leila Antonangelo1,2, Caroline S Faria2, Roberta K Sales3
1a Divisao de Patologia Clinica - Departamento de Patologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , BR.
Pleural tuberculosis (PT) diagnosis is challenging due to scarce bacilli. Biomarkers like adenosine deaminase (ADA), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 27 (IL-27) aid presumptive diagnosis, while multidrug therapy remains the treatment of choice.
Area of Science:
Background:
Purpose of the Study:
Main Methods:
Main Results:
Conclusions: