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Related Concept Videos

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

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Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

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Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description01:30

Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description

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The pleura is a vital part of the respiratory system. It's a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are:
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Nursing Diagnosis01:22

Nursing Diagnosis

3.7K
Following assessment, a nursing diagnosis is the next step in the nursing process. It begins after the nurse has collected and recorded the patient data. The purpose of diagnosing is to identify how the client responds to actual or potential health processes, identify factors that bestow or that cause health problems, the etiologies, and identify resources or strengths the individual, group, or community can draw on to prevent or resolve problems.
The nursing diagnosis focuses on evidence-based...
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Documentation of Nursing Diagnosis01:10

Documentation of Nursing Diagnosis

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The nurse documents nursing diagnoses and enters them into the patient record. The identified patient's nursing diagnosis is either written out with a plan of care or entered into the electronic health record.
In some settings, data-driven computerized decision support systems are in place, allowing for more accurate nursing diagnoses. The database within one of these systems includes diagnostic labels defining characteristics, activities, and indicators for nursing. A nurse enters...
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
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Tuberculous pleural effusion: diagnosis & management.

Leila Antonangelo1,2, Caroline S Faria2, Roberta K Sales3

  • 1a Divisao de Patologia Clinica - Departamento de Patologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , BR.

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine
|June 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pleural tuberculosis (PT) diagnosis is challenging due to scarce bacilli. Biomarkers like adenosine deaminase (ADA), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 27 (IL-27) aid presumptive diagnosis, while multidrug therapy remains the treatment of choice.

Keywords:
Biomarkersmanagementmycobacterium tuberculosispleural fluidpleural tuberculosistreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious cause of death globally.
  • Extrapulmonary TB constitutes 16% of new cases, with pleural TB (PT) being the most common form in adults.
  • Diagnosing PT is difficult due to low bacillary load in pleural fluid, often necessitating invasive procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of pleural tuberculosis (PT).
  • To cover epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies for PT.
  • To discuss the utility and limitations of current diagnostic biomarkers and treatments for PT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on pleural tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment.
  • Analysis of diagnostic biomarkers including adenosine deaminase (ADA), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 27 (IL-27).
  • Evaluation of molecular tests and their sensitivity in pleural fluid for PT detection.

Main Results:

  • No single pleural fluid test is fully accurate for PT diagnosis.
  • ADA, IFN-γ, and IL-27 are valuable biomarkers, though IFN-γ and IL-27 are costly.
  • Molecular tests have limited sensitivity in pleural fluid but can confirm diagnosis.
  • Multidrug therapy is the standard treatment for PT.

Conclusions:

  • Current diagnostic tools for PT have limitations, highlighting the need for improved methods.
  • Biomarker assays and molecular tests offer supportive roles in PT diagnosis.
  • Multidrug therapy is effective, and immunotherapy research holds future promise for PT management.