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Related Concept Videos

Standard Deviation01:10

Standard Deviation

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The most commonly used measure of variation is the standard deviation. It is a numerical value measuring how far data values are from their mean. The standard deviation value is small when the data are concentrated close to the mean, exhibiting slight variation or spread. The standard deviation value is never negative, it is either positive or zero. The standard deviation is larger when the data values are more spread out from the mean, which means the data values are exhibiting more variation.
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Mean Absolute Deviation01:13

Mean Absolute Deviation

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The mean absolute deviation is also a measure of the variability of data in a sample. It is the absolute value of the average difference between the data values and the mean.
Let us consider a dataset containing the number of unsold cupcakes in five shops: 10, 15, 8, 7, and 10. Initially, calculate the sample mean. Then calculate the deviation, or the difference, between each data value and the mean. Next, the absolute values of these deviations are added and divided by the sample size to...
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Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Standard Deviation of Calculated Results01:14

Standard Deviation of Calculated Results

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Standard deviation measures the spread of data around the mean value. Many large data sets follow a Gaussian distribution, also known as a normal distribution. This distribution is bell-shaped curved, with the most frequently observed value (mean or central value) in the middle. The farther away from the central value, the greater the deviation from the central value, and the lower the frequency.
A broad Gaussian distribution curve has a wider standard deviation, representing a data set with...
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Calculating Standard Deviation01:08

Calculating Standard Deviation

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The standard deviation is the most common measure of variation. It is a value that tells us how far a data value is from the mean value in a dataset. Further, the standard deviation is always a positive value or zero.
The standard deviation value is small when all the data is concentrated close to the mean. Here the data exhibits low variation. The standard deviation value is larger when the data values are more spread out from the mean. Here, the data displays high...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

3.0K
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
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Early and late auditory information processing show opposing deviations in aniridia.

Anastasia M Bobilev1, Matthew E Hudgens-Haney2, Jordan P Hamm3

  • 1Department of Cellular Biology, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.

Brain Research
|June 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Aniridia patients show heightened early auditory brain responses but struggle with integrating auditory information. This PAX6 gene disorder impacts neural processing, affecting how the brain interprets sounds despite normal hearing.

Keywords:
AniridiaAuditory evoked potentialAuditory steady state responseElectroencephalographyPAX6

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Auditory Processing

Background:

  • Aniridia, often caused by PAX6 gene mutations, is known for ocular defects.
  • Brain abnormalities, including auditory processing deficits, are increasingly recognized in aniridia.
  • The neurophysiological basis of auditory impairments in aniridia remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly assess neural activity related to auditory processing in individuals with aniridia.
  • To investigate the electrophysiological underpinnings of auditory deficits in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to record brain activity.
  • Participants with aniridia and controls were presented with auditory steady-state response (ASSR) tones (22 Hz, 40 Hz, 84 Hz) and target tones.
  • Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) components (P50, P300) and ASSR were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with aniridia exhibited increased early cortical responses (P50 AEP) to all tones.
  • Heightened high-frequency (84 Hz) ASSR indicated increased neural entrainment.
  • Decreased cortical integration (P300 AEP) and reduced beta-band (22 Hz) ASSR suggested impaired functional integration.

Conclusions:

  • Aniridia is associated with augmented subcortical and early cortical auditory processing.
  • Functional cortical integration of auditory information appears deficient in individuals with aniridia.
  • These findings highlight the complex neurophysiological alterations in aniridia beyond ocular manifestations.