Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Measuring Embryonic Viability and Brood Size in Caenorhabditis elegans
Published on: February 24, 2023
The Development of the Brooding Scale
Ji-Hyun Kim1, Yanhong Piao2,3, Woo-Sung Kim3,4
1Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to develop a Brooding Scale (BS) and to confirm its psychometric properties.
Methods:
A preliminary questionnaire was developed based on a literature review and face-to-face interviews with healthy subjects. To evaluate reliability and construct validity, a 15-item BS was administered to 124 healthy subjects. Convergent validity was tested by assessing the relationship between the BS and the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). Discriminant validity was confirmed in 58 patients with schizophrenia.
Results:
The internal consistency for the BS was excellent. An exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors: the emotional (six items) and cognitive (five items) domains, which explained 33.83% and 23.69% of the variance, respectively. The BS total score and scores for factors 1 and 2 showed significant positive correlations with the RRS. The total score and sub-factor scores of the BS were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy subjects.
Conclusion:
The BS can be used as a reliable and valid tool to assess brooding in healthy adults. In addition, it had good discriminant validity for patients with schizophrenia.
Related Concept Videos
pH Scale
Scaling
Thermometers and Temperature Scales
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
Sustainable Development
Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale
Development of the Lymphatic System
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...

