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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development

Published on: October 29, 2019

Data demonstrating distinct embryonic developmental defects induced by bisphenol a alternatives.

Ashley L Arancio¹, Emry R Cohenour¹, Kyla D Cole¹

¹Department of Biology, School of Science, Saint Mary's College of California, 1928 Saint Mary's Road, Moraga, CA 94576, USA.

|June 29, 2019

Summary

This study reveals that environmental plasticizers bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol A (BPA), along with 17β-estradiol (E2), cause significant developmental abnormalities in Xenopus laevis embryos, with BPAF being the most potent and toxic.

Keywords:

17-β estradiol BPA BPA alternatives BPAF Development Embryo

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Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: February 2, 2016

Area of Science:

Developmental toxicology
Environmental science
Endocrinology

Background:

Widespread environmental plasticizers like bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol A (BPA) are endocrine disruptors.
These chemicals, along with 17β-estradiol (E2), can interfere with normal embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the potencies and developmental effects of BPAF, BPA, and E2 on early Xenopus laevis embryos.
To identify shared and unique morphological and cellular abnormalities induced by these chemicals.

Main Methods:

Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to varying concentrations of BPAF, BPA, or E2 from fertilization to 96 hours.
Embryos were staged, imaged, and time-lapse movies were collected using microscopy.
Developmental stages and morphological defects were meticulously documented.

Main Results:

BPAF exhibited the highest potency and toxicity, being 1000 times more potent than BPA.
All tested chemicals induced severe cleavage irregularities, including asymmetrical division and slowed mitosis.
Significant morphological defects observed by 96 hours included spinal cord and head malformations, gut abnormalities, curved body axes, and edema.

Conclusions:

BPAF, BPA, and E2 significantly disrupt early embryonic development in Xenopus laevis.
BPAF demonstrates considerably higher toxicity compared to BPA.
These findings highlight the potential risks of environmental plasticizers to vertebrate development.