Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Two-Dimensional Visualization and Quantification of Labile, Inorganic Plant Nutrients and Contaminants in Soil
Published on: September 1, 2020
Enhanced Phytoextraction for Co-contaminated Soil with Cd and Pb by Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Yaping Zhang1, Fangzhou Li1, Weiwei Xu2
1Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
Abstract:
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three additives - citric acid (CA), polyaspartic acid (PASP), and FeCl3 - on the phytoextraction efficiency of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) from artificially contaminated soils with different heavy metal concentrations. The results showed that as the concentration of pollutants increased, the TI (tolerance index) and BCF (bio-concentration factor) of ryegrass gradually increased only when FeCl3 was applied. FeCl3 also exhibited the most significant biomass enhancement and heavy metal accumulation of ryegrass, as well as the highest phytoextraction efficiency in heavily-polluted soils. The overall orders of the optimal phytoextraction efficiency for the three additives in terms of their MER (metal extraction ratio) were: FeCl3 > PASP > CA. Therefore, FeCl3 can be used to improve the Cd and Pb phytoextraction efficiency of ryegrass in heavily-polluted soils.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
The Soil Ecosystem
Contaminants and Errors
Another key consideration is determining the appropriate number of samples required to...
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention

