Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

50.0K
After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
50.0K
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

12.8K
In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
12.8K
C–C Bond Cleavage: Retro-Aldol Reaction00:57

C–C Bond Cleavage: Retro-Aldol Reaction

7.5K
The reverse of the aldol addition reaction is called the retro-aldol reaction. Here, the carbon–carbon bond in the aldol product is cleaved under acidic or basic conditions to form two molecules of carbonyl compounds. The mechanism of the reaction consists of three steps.
In the first step, as depicted in Figure 1, the base deprotonates the β-hydroxy ketone at the hydroxyl group to form an alkoxide ion.
7.5K
Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage02:01

Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage

6.7K
Alkynes undergo oxidative cleavage in the presence of oxidizing reagents like potassium permanganate and ozone. The triple bond — one σ bond and two π bonds — is completely cleaved, and the alkyne is oxidized to carboxylic acids. When warm and basic aqueous potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent, alkynes are first converted to carboxylate salts via an unstable α-diketone intermediate. Further, a mild acid treatment protonates the carboxylate anions...
6.7K
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

17.5K
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
17.5K
Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage02:18

Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage

7.0K
Ethers are generally unreactive and unsuitable for direct nucleophilic substitution reactions since the alkoxy groups are strong bases and, therefore, poor leaving groups. However, ethers readily undergo acidic-cleavage reactions. Ethers can be converted to alkyl halides when heated with strong acids such as HBr and HI in a sequence of two substitution reactions.
7.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Editorial 2025.

Arthropod structure & development·2025
Same author

The sea spider <i>Pycnogonum litorale</i> overturns the paradigm of the absence of axial regeneration in molting animals.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2023
Same author

Gradients of Orientation, Composition, and Hydration of Proteins for Efficient Light Collection by the Cornea of the Horseshoe Crab.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2022
Same author

Editorial.

Arthropod structure & development·2022
Same author

Reply to "Points of view in understanding trilobite eyes".

Nature communications·2021
Same author

Screwed up: Spirality of segments and other iterated structures suggest an underlying principle of seriality in bilaterians.

Journal of morphology·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Individual Culturing of Tigriopus Copepods and Quantitative Analysis of Their Mate-guarding Behavior
06:24

Individual Culturing of Tigriopus Copepods and Quantitative Analysis of Their Mate-guarding Behavior

Published on: September 26, 2018

10.1K

The cleavage pattern of calanoid copepods-a case study.

Günther Loose1, Gerhard Scholtz2

  • 1Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstr. 13, Haus 2, 10115, Berlin, Germany. gjirikowski@yahoo.de.

Development Genes and Evolution
|June 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals variable early cleavage patterns in the copepod Skistodiaptomus sp., with consistent quadrant divisions and a unique gastrulation triangle. These findings aid in reconstructing ancestral copepod development.

Keywords:
CalanoidaCell lineageCleavageCopepodaGastrulationRadial cleavage

More Related Videos

A Microfluidic Device with Groove Patterns for Studying Cellular Behavior
13:50

A Microfluidic Device with Groove Patterns for Studying Cellular Behavior

Published on: August 30, 2007

12.9K
Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways
13:00

Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways

Published on: October 16, 2016

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Individual Culturing of Tigriopus Copepods and Quantitative Analysis of Their Mate-guarding Behavior
06:24

Individual Culturing of Tigriopus Copepods and Quantitative Analysis of Their Mate-guarding Behavior

Published on: September 26, 2018

10.1K
A Microfluidic Device with Groove Patterns for Studying Cellular Behavior
13:50

A Microfluidic Device with Groove Patterns for Studying Cellular Behavior

Published on: August 30, 2007

12.9K
Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways
13:00

Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways

Published on: October 16, 2016

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Crustacean Embryology
  • Zoology

Background:

  • Crustacean early ontogeny exhibits diverse, stereotyped cleavage patterns, making a general mode elusive.
  • Copepod embryology is understudied, with historical research yielding contradictory results on cleavage patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the early embryonic development and cleavage patterns of an undescribed calanoid copepod species, Skistodiaptomus sp.
  • To provide a detailed description of blastomere arrangement, divisions, and gastrulation for phylogenetic reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Histochemical staining
  • Confocal laser scanning microscopy
  • Bifocal 4D microscopy
  • Observation of early ontogeny in Skistodiaptomus sp.

Main Results:

  • The four-cell stage in Skistodiaptomus sp. shows variable blastomere arrangements (radial or tilted).
  • Subsequent cleavages maintain stereotyped patterns within quadrants, adhering to the perpendicularity rule until the eighth cleavage.
  • Gastrulation is initiated by a specific blastomere forming a 'gastrulation triangle,' surrounded by 'crown cells.'
  • Similarities in early development were noted with Calanus finmarchicus, another calanoid species.

Conclusions:

  • The variable yet internally consistent cleavage patterns offer insights into copepod developmental strategies.
  • The identified gastrulation mechanism provides a novel character for comparative studies.
  • Findings support the reconstruction of the ancestral copepod cleavage pattern, given the basal position of Calanoida.