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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
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Pumped Concrete01:13

Pumped Concrete

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Concrete in large quantities can be pumped across long distances for placing in inaccessible sites. This system comprises a hopper that receives concrete from a mixer, a pump to propel the concrete, and pipelines that facilitate its delivery.
For direct-acting pumps, the concrete enters the pump via the inlet valve under the action of gravity and suction created by the movement of the piston. This concrete is then forced into the pipeline and out through the outlet valve by the forward movement...
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Refrigerators and Heat Pumps01:07

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

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Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from...
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Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

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Multiplex Chemical Imaging Based on Broadband Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy
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High-Repetition Rate Broadband Pump-Probe Microscopy.

Geoffrey Piland, Erik M Grumstrup

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
    |June 29, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Broadband pump-probe microscopy offers high-speed, high-resolution analysis of optoelectronic properties in materials. This technique captures full transient spectra, revealing nanoscale heterogeneity effects in systems like perovskites.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optoelectronics
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Pump-probe microscopy is crucial for understanding nanoscale chemical and compositional effects on material optoelectronics.
    • Characterizing heterogeneity requires advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate broadband pump-probe microscopy for high-resolution material analysis.
    • To showcase the technique's capability in characterizing optoelectronic properties at the nanoscale.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a high-speed line camera and amplified fiber laser for rapid data acquisition.
    • Achieved sub-100 fs temporal resolution and full transient spectral collection at over 30 kHz.
    • Applied the technique to individual micron-sized lead halide perovskite domains.

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    Main Results:

    • Successfully collected broadband transient spectra from individual perovskite domains.
    • Demonstrated the technique's effectiveness in imaging and spectroscopic analysis.
    • Identified key challenges in sub-micron spectral collection.

    Conclusions:

    • Broadband pump-probe microscopy is a powerful tool for nanoscale optoelectronic characterization.
    • Careful optical design and detector selection are critical for accurate sub-micron measurements.
    • The technique provides insights into material heterogeneity and its impact on properties.