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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
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Radiation in bent asymmetric coupled waveguides.

P Chamorro-Posada

    Applied Optics
    |June 29, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study numerically analyzes radiation in coupled bent waveguides, crucial for enhancing integrated microresonator quality factors. Advanced 3D computations provide accurate data for practical device design.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Computational Electromagnetics

    Background:

    • Integrated microresonators require low radiation loss for high quality factors.
    • Coupled bent waveguides offer a configuration to reduce radiation losses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To numerically investigate radiation phenomena in coupled bent waveguides.
    • To assess the potential of these structures for enhancing microresonator performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Performing 3D full-vector computations.
    • Analyzing complex modal fields and propagation constants.
    • Investigating transient propagation effects.

    Main Results:

    • The study presents a detailed numerical analysis of radiation in coupled bent waveguides.

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  • 3D computations yield accurate results for modal fields and propagation characteristics.
  • Findings align with previous 2D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analyses but offer higher precision.

    • Conclusions:

    • 3D full-vector computations are essential for accurate design of practical integrated microresonator systems.
    • Coupled bent waveguides in optimized configurations can significantly reduce radiation losses.
    • The presented numerical methods meet the accuracy demands for real-world device implementation.