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Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination at Day 1 of Age Further Limits Cross Protection
R A Zegpi1, S L Gulley1, V L van Santen1
1Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849.
Avian Diseases
|June 29, 2019
Summary
Vaccinating chickens against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) on Day 1 of age reduces heterologous cross-protection compared to later vaccination. This is linked to a less mature immune response and lower antibody affinity, impacting disease control strategies.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Virology
- Immunology
- Poultry Health
Background:
- Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) poses a significant threat to poultry production worldwide.
- Effective vaccination strategies are crucial for managing IBV and preventing economic losses.
- Understanding the impact of vaccination timing on immune responses and cross-protection is essential for optimizing control.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the influence of early-life (Day 1) versus later vaccination timing on IBV cross-protection.
- To evaluate the systemic antibody responses and antibody avidity following vaccination at different ages.
- To analyze immune cell populations in the Harderian gland (HG) and their correlation with vaccination timing and challenge.
Main Methods:
- Specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with a Massachusetts-type IBV vaccine on Day 1, Day 10, or Day 14 of age.
- Vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens were challenged with a heterologous Arkansas (Ark)-type IBV strain.
- Tracheal histopathology, viral load, systemic antibody levels, antibody avidity, and immune cell populations in the HG were assessed.
Main Results:
- Vaccination on Day 1 of age resulted in reduced heterologous cross-protection against Ark-type IBV challenge compared to vaccination on Day 10 or Day 14.
- Chickens vaccinated at 14 days of age showed stronger systemic antibody responses and higher antibody avidity to the Ark-type S1 protein.
- While immune activity in the HG was higher in Day 1 vaccinated birds, their immune system was less effective at clearing vaccine virus, potentially impacting cross-protection.
Conclusions:
- Early-life IBV vaccination (Day 1) can compromise heterologous cross-protection due to a less mature immune system and reduced antibody affinity maturation.
- Later vaccination (Day 10 or 14) appears more effective in eliciting robust immune responses and enhancing cross-protection against heterologous IBV strains.
- These findings highlight the importance of optimal vaccination timing for effective IBV control in poultry flocks.
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