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Related Concept Videos

ABC Transporters: Importer01:27

ABC Transporters: Importer

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped into importers and exporters. While exporters are present in all domains of life, importers exist only in bacteria and some plants.
In bacteria, based on the number of transmembrane helices and the chemical nature of their substrates, the ABC importers can be divided into three types:
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ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

ABC Transporters: Exporter

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
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Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

137.4K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein
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Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein

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Multidrug ABC transporters in bacteria.

Cédric Orelle1, Khadija Mathieu1, Jean-Michel Jault1

  • 1Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086 "Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry", IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France.

Research in Microbiology
|June 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Multidrug efflux pumps, particularly ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters, are key to bacterial antibiotic resistance. This review details their structure and function, focusing on bacterial pumps despite recent advances.

Keywords:
ABC transporterAntibiotic resistanceEfflux pumpsMultidrug resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Multidrug efflux transporters are critical in bacterial antibiotic resistance, enabling bacteria to evade therapies.
  • Initially identified as proton-motive force pumps, ATP-hydrolysis-dependent transporters, including ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters, emerged in the 1990s.
  • ABC transporters represent a vast protein family involved in transporting diverse molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the current understanding of multidrug efflux ABC transporters.
  • To emphasize the structure and function of bacterial multidrug efflux ABC transporters.
  • To highlight recent progress and remaining challenges in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on multidrug efflux transporters.
  • Analysis of accumulated 3D structural data for ABC transporters.
  • Focus on mechanisms of bacterial multidrug efflux pumps.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding the functioning mechanisms of multidrug efflux ABC transporters.
  • Accumulation of 3D structures has provided valuable insights into their architecture.
  • Bacterial ABC transporters play a crucial role in conferring multidrug resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Despite advances, many questions regarding the structure-function relationship of multidrug efflux ABC transporters remain unanswered.
  • Further research into bacterial ABC transporters is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies against antibiotic resistance.
  • Understanding these efflux pumps is vital for combating the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.