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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
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Large Intestine01:09

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The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small intestine on three sides.
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Histology of the Large Intestine01:26

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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
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Hypergravity disrupts murine intestinal microbiota.

Corentine Alauzet1,2, Lisiane Cunat3, Maxime Wack4

  • 1Université de Lorraine, SIMPA, F-54000, Nancy, France. corentine.alauzet@univ-lorraine.fr.

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|June 30, 2019
PubMed
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Area of Science:

  • Space biology and microbiology
  • Gravitational biology
  • Gastrointestinal health

Background:

  • Spaceflight poses physical stressors, including altered gravity (G), potentially impacting astronaut health via immune dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis.
  • The effects of space travel on intestinal microbiota homeostasis remain largely uninvestigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of simulated altered gravity on intestinal microbiota and mucosal integrity using a ground-based murine model.
  • To evaluate G-level-dependent changes in the gut microbiome composition and diversity.

Main Methods:

  • A 21-day ground-based study involving mice confined in a centrifuge simulating 2G and 3G.
  • Analysis of intracaecal microbiota composition, diversity (α-diversity and β-diversity), and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.
  • Assessment of mucosal integrity.

Main Results:

  • A G-level-dependent disruption of intracaecal microbiota was observed, particularly at 3G.
  • Increased α-diversity and significant changes in β-diversity were noted at 3G, with a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.
  • No alteration in mucosal integrity was detected, despite significant changes in microbial taxa abundance (78% enriched at 3G).

Conclusions:

  • Simulated altered gravity (3G) disrupts intestinal microbiota homeostasis in mice without compromising mucosal integrity.
  • These findings support previous spaceflight and microgravity studies, highlighting the need for further research on spaceflight's impact on the gut microbiome.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial for optimizing long-term space travel conditions and astronaut health.