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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

894
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
12:49

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Published on: July 13, 2019

17.9K

Task load modulates tDCS effects on language performance.

Lílian Rodrigues de Almeida1, Paul A Pope1, Peter C Hansen1

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Journal of Neuroscience Research
|June 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects on cognition vary. This study shows tDCS impacts depend on task load, influencing phonological processing by modulating brain networks involved in speech perception and production.

Keywords:
cognitionlanguagepars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFGop)phonological processingtask loadtranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Speech Perception

Background:

  • Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are inconsistent.
  • The motor theory of speech perception suggests articulation codes influence speech perception.
  • Neuroimaging indicates task demands modulate the motor role in phonological processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore why tDCS cognitive effects vary.
  • To investigate task load as a modulating factor in tDCS effects on phonological processing.
  • To test if tDCS outcomes align with the motor theory of speech perception, considering task relevance.

Main Methods:

  • Three groups (n=20 each) received anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS.
  • Participants performed categorical perception (CP), lexical decision (LD), and word naming (WN) tasks.
  • Stimulation targeted the pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus.

Main Results:

  • tDCS effects on phonological processing were modulated by task load.
  • Anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) and cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS) effects varied with the task's relevance to the stimulated brain region.
  • Improved performance with c-tDCS in CP and WN tasks suggests compensatory mechanisms in complex networks.

Conclusions:

  • tDCS efficacy in cognitive tasks is influenced by task demands and network relevance.
  • Findings support the role of task nature in motor system participation in phonological processing.
  • Task load and compensatory mechanisms are critical factors for understanding tDCS effects in language processing.