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Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Types of Hormones

Types of Hormones

Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Decreasing Function

Decreasing Function

A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2 in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms

A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms

Published on: October 21, 2010

Hormones modulate Candida vaginal isolates biofilm formation and decrease their susceptibility to azoles and hydrogen

Bruna Gonçalves¹, Nuno Miguel Azevedo¹, Mariana Henriques¹

¹CEB, Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - "Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira", University of Minho, Gualtar Campus, 4715-057 Braga, Portugal.

Medical Mycology

|June 30, 2019

Summary

Hormones like progesterone and estradiol enhance Candida glabrata

Keywords:

Candida spp biofilm progesterone vulvovaginal candidiasis β-estradiol

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Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis

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Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms

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Published on: October 21, 2010

Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

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Published on: December 14, 2017

Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis

Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis

Published on: December 8, 2011

Area of Science:

Mycology
Infectious Diseases
Endocrinology

Background:

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection caused by Candida species, increasingly involving antifungal-resistant Candida glabrata.
Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during pregnancy, are known to promote VVC, yet their direct impact on Candida cells, especially C. glabrata, remains understudied.
Candida species form biofilms, contributing to VVC pathogenesis and resistance to treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of progesterone and β-estradiol on biofilm formation and antifungal resistance in vaginal isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata.
To analyze these effects under acidic conditions (pH 4), mimicking the vaginal environment, and at hormone concentrations relevant to the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Main Methods:

Culturing Candida albicans and Candida glabrata vaginal isolates.
Treating isolates with physiological concentrations of progesterone and β-estradiol.
Assessing biofilm formation, biomass, and filamentation.
Evaluating susceptibility to azole antifungals and hydrogen peroxide.

Main Results:

Hormone exposure reduced Candida albicans biofilm biomass by up to 65% and impaired filamentation.
Candida glabrata demonstrated high adaptability, with hormones showing no significant impact on its biofilm formation.
Hormones increased resistance of both Candida species to azoles and hydrogen peroxide, particularly at pregnancy-related concentrations.

Conclusions:

Hormones can act as environmental cues that protect Candida species from vaginal defenses and antifungal treatments.
Candida glabrata's adaptability to hormones suggests a significant role in VVC pathogenicity, especially during pregnancy.
Findings highlight potential implications for VVC treatment strategies, particularly for infections caused by C. glabrata.