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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
Published on: June 29, 2011
Calixarene capture of partially unfolded cytochrome c
Sylvain Engilberge1, Martin L Rennie1, Peter B Crowley1
1School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
Abstract:
Supramolecular receptors such as water-soluble calixarenes are in development as 'molecular glues' for protein assembly. Here, we obtained cocrystals of sulfonato-calix[6]arene (sclx6 ) and yeast cytochrome c (cytc) in the presence of imidazole. A crystal structure at 2.65 Å resolution reveals major structural rearrangement and disorder in imidazole-bound cytc. The largest protein-calixarene interface involves 440 Å2 of the protein surface with key contacts at Arg13, Lys73, and Lys79. These lysines participate in alkaline transitions of cytc and are part of Ω-loop D, which is substantially restructured in the complex with sclx6 . The structural modification also includes Ω-loop C, which is disordered (residues 41-55 inclusive). These results suggest the possibility of using supramolecular scaffolds to trap partially disordered proteins.
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