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Related Concept Videos

Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts
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Alternative spin on phylogenetically inherited spatial reference frames.

Peggy Li1, Linda Abarbanell2

  • 1Harvard University, United States.

Cognition
|June 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preschoolers can learn spatial language like "left" and "right" with adjusted tasks. Previous studies underestimated children's cognitive capacity for egocentric spatial relations due to task constraints.

Keywords:
AllocentricEgocentricLeft-rightLinguistic relativitySpatial frames of referenceSpatial updatingWord learning

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Humans use various spatial frames of reference (e.g., north-south, left-right).
  • Understanding children's capacity for spatial language acquisition is crucial.
  • Previous research suggested preschoolers struggle with egocentric spatial terms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate children's ability to abstract invariant frames of reference.
  • To re-evaluate preschoolers' readiness for learning egocentric spatial language.
  • To identify factors influencing the acquisition of spatial frames of reference.

Main Methods:

  • Four new experiments modified previous task constraints.
  • Examined 4-year-old children's attention to egocentric and allocentric spatial relations.
  • Reviewed existing research on spatial language acquisition.

Main Results:

  • Children readily noticed egocentric relations with minor task modifications.
  • Previous findings suggesting difficulty with egocentric terms may be task-dependent.
  • Factors influencing the ease or difficulty of acquiring frames of reference were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Preschoolers possess the cognitive capacity to learn egocentric spatial language.
  • Task constraints significantly impact observed abilities in spatial language acquisition.
  • Full mastery of terms like "left" and "right" may require extended developmental periods.