Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds

When infrared radiation is passed through a molecule, absorption occurs if the molecule's vibration leads to a substantial change in its bond dipole moment. Transitions between vibrational energy levels, typically corresponding to infrared frequencies (4000–400 cm−1), allow absorption if the vibration significantly alters the dipole moment, making the molecule infrared active. The molecular bonds have different stretching and bending vibrations, resulting in various peaks with...

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Dipole Moment

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Dipole Moment

The dipole moment of a bond is the product of the partial charge on either atom and the distance between them. Dipole moments influence the efficiency of IR absorption and the peak intensity. When a bond with a dipole moment is placed in an electric field, the direction of the field determines if the bond is compressed or stretched. Electromagnetic radiation consists of an electric field component that rapidly reverses direction. It follows that polar bonds are alternately stretched and...

Empirical Method to Interpret Standard Deviation

Empirical Method to Interpret Standard Deviation

The empirical rule, also known as the three-sigma rule, allows a statistician to interpret the standard deviation in a normally distributed dataset. The rule states that 68% of the data lies within one standard deviation from the mean, 95% lies within two standard deviations from the mean, and 99.7% lies within three standard deviations from the mean. Additionally, this rule is also called the 68-95-99.7 rule.
This rule is used widely in statistics to calculate the proportion of data values...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

DDQ-Mediated Oxidative [5+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Isochroman-4-ones with Alkynes.

Organic letters·2026

Same author

Microbiota-derived IPA mitigates post-stroke neuroinflammation by inhibiting TREM2-dependent pyroptosis.

Journal of neuroinflammation·2026

Same author

Investigating the pharmaceutical substances and action mechanisms of Changmaxifeng granules against tic disorders.

World journal of psychiatry·2025

Same author

Gold-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization and Amidation of 2-Alkynyl Arylazides To Access 3-Amidoindoles.

Organic letters·2025

Same author

CPCGI Alleviates Neural Damage by Modulating Microglial Pyroptosis After Traumatic Brain Injury.

CNS neuroscience & therapeutics·2025

Same author

3-HKA Promotes Vascular Remodeling After Stroke by Modulating the Activation of A1/A2 Reactive Astrocytes.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition

Published on: June 27, 2025

Peak-to-peak standard deviation based bubble detection method in sodium flow with electromagnetic vortex flowmeter.

Wei Xu¹, Ke-Jun Xu¹, Jian-Ping Wu¹

¹School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|July 1, 2019

Summary

This study presents a novel signal processing method for detecting steam generator leakage in sodium-cooled fast reactors. The developed system accurately identifies small leaks using an electromagnetic vortex flowmeter, enhancing nuclear reactor safety.

More Related Videos

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Published on: December 9, 2022

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Published on: November 23, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition

Published on: June 27, 2025

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Published on: December 9, 2022

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Published on: November 23, 2013

Area of Science:

Nuclear Engineering
Materials Science
Signal Processing

Background:

Steam generators (SGs) in sodium-cooled fast reactors are critical heat exchange components.
Leakage in SG transfer tubes can cause dangerous sodium-water reactions, compromising reactor safety.
Early detection of sodium-water reactions is essential for operational safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a signal processing method for detecting steam generator leakage using an electromagnetic vortex flowmeter (EVFM).
To enhance the safety of sodium-cooled fast reactors by enabling real-time monitoring of SG integrity.

Main Methods:

Hydraulic experiments were conducted using water to simulate liquid sodium, with gas injection to mimic leaks.
Electromagnetic vortex flowmeter (EVFM) sensor output signals were collected and analyzed in the time domain.
A real-time signal processing method based on peak-to-peak standard deviation was developed and implemented on a digital signal processor (DSP) system.

Main Results:

The developed signal processing method effectively detects bubbles in liquid sodium, indicative of leaks.
Experiments in liquid sodium confirmed the system's effectiveness in identifying leaks.
The system achieved a minimum detectable water leakage rate of 0.1 g/s.

Conclusions:

The proposed signal processing method and hardware system provide a reliable means for detecting steam generator leakage in sodium-cooled fast reactors.
This technology significantly improves the safety monitoring capabilities for nuclear reactors.
The real-time detection of small leaks enhances the overall safety and operational integrity of the reactor system.