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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
Published on: August 17, 2022
Intraoperative Decision Making in Parathyroid Surgery
Dylan S Jason1, Courtney J Balentine2
1Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, E6.104B, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
Abstract:
This article reviews intraoperative decision making related to several important aspects of parathyroid surgery. These include how to systematically identify a missing gland, when to perform a unilateral versus bilateral exploration for cure, approaches to secondary hyperparathyroidism, management of familial hyperparathyroidism, and the treatment of parathyroid cancer. The management of intraoperative complications, such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and devascularization of parathyroid glands, also is discussed.
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