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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

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Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
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Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

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The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
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A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants
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Unintentional persistent organic pollutants in cement kilns co-processing solid wastes.

Lili Yang1, Minghui Zheng2, Yuyang Zhao3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
|July 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Co-processing solid waste in cement kilns can unintentionally produce persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This review details POP formation, influencing factors, and emission data, aiding risk assessment for cement kiln waste management.

Keywords:
Cement kilnDioxinsEmerging persistent organic pollutantsPolychlorinated biphenylsPolychlorinated naphthalenesSolid waste

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Pollution Control

Background:

  • Co-processing solid waste in cement kilns is increasing.
  • Unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can form and emit from these kilns.
  • Understanding POP formation is crucial for assessing risks associated with cement kiln waste co-processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review unintentionally produced POPs (including PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and emerging POPs) from cement kilns co-processing solid waste.
  • To focus on the formation pathways and influencing factors of these POPs.
  • To summarize emission factors for global inventory compilation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of field studies and laboratory simulations on POP formation and release.
  • Analysis of data on unintentionally produced POPs, including dioxin-like compounds.
  • Comparison of homolog distributions and congener profiles of emitted POPs.

Main Results:

  • POPs are mainly formed at specific stages: cyclone preheater outlet, suspension preheater boiler, humidifier tower, and back-end bag filter.
  • Key factors influencing POP formation include raw material composition, chlorine/bromine content, and temperature.
  • Less-chlorinated homologs are emitted in larger quantities than more-chlorinated ones.

Conclusions:

  • This review consolidates knowledge on unintentionally produced POPs in cement kilns co-processing waste.
  • Identified formation stages and influencing factors provide insights for emission control.
  • Summarized emission factors are valuable for global pollutant inventories under the Stockholm Convention.