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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

9.0K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

131.7K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

13.4K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
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Efficient Hydrogen Peroxide Generation Utilizing Photocatalytic Oxygen Reduction at a Triphase Interface.

Zhen Liu1, Xia Sheng1, Dandan Wang1

  • 1College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.

Iscience
|July 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A novel air-liquid-solid triphase system significantly enhances hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by improving oxygen accessibility for photocatalysts. This method boosts H2O2 formation by 44 times compared to traditional systems.

Keywords:
CatalysisChemical Reaction EngineeringMaterials Characterization Techniques

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Photocatalysis

Background:

  • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis traditionally uses anthraquinone oxidation.
  • Photocatalytic oxygen reduction is an emerging alternative for H2O2 production.
  • Limited oxygen accessibility to photocatalysts hinders reaction rates in aqueous systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient photocatalytic system for H2O2 generation.
  • To overcome the limitation of oxygen diffusion in liquid-solid photocatalytic systems.
  • To enhance the kinetics of H2O2 formation and suppress unwanted side reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Development and implementation of an air-liquid-solid triphase photocatalytic system.
  • Utilizing ambient atmosphere to supply oxygen directly to the reaction interface.
  • Comparison of the triphase system with conventional liquid-solid diphase systems.

Main Results:

  • The triphase system dramatically increases interfacial oxygen concentration.
  • Enhanced kinetics for H2O2 formation constant and suppressed electron-hole recombination.
  • Achieved a 44-fold increase in H2O2 formation compared to diphase systems.

Conclusions:

  • The air-liquid-solid triphase system offers a highly efficient approach for H2O2 generation.
  • This system effectively addresses oxygen mass transfer limitations in photocatalysis.
  • The triphase strategy is broadly applicable for optimizing semiconductor-based photocatalytic oxygen reduction.