Assessing the uptake of selenium from naturally enriched soils by maize (Zea mays L.) using diffusive gradients in...

A generally accepted method to predict selenium (Se) bioavailability of long-term contaminated soils has not yet been established, even if risk assessments in selenosis areas are crucial. In this study, a set of methods were tested to assess the bioavailability of Se to field maize. Fifty maize (Zea mays L.) samples and corresponding soils were collected from a selenosis area (Ziyang, China). The diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique and the traditional chemical extraction methods, including seven single-step extraction procedures and a five-step sequential extraction were used to predict the bioaccumulation of Se in plant. The result verified the presence of 50% of total Se in the form of residual Se fraction, followed by organic-bound and Fe-Mn oxide-bound Se fractions in soil. In addition, Se⁶⁺, Se⁴⁺, and Se^2- were all detected in the solution extracted by H₂O, KCl, phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), NaHCO₃, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-2Na (EDTA-2Na) and ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA), but Se⁶⁺ was not extracted by NaOH. The Se extracted by single-step extraction methods was weakly correlated with the Se uptake by plants with relatively high Se concentration (>3 mg·kg^-1). The abilities of the tested methods to predict Se bioavailability in naturally Se-enriched soils declined in the following order: DGT > soil solution > PBS > KCl > H₂O > NaHCO₃ > EDTA > DTPA > NaOH. The ratio of C_DGT to soil solution Se (C_soln) totaled 0.13, indicating an extremely low Se supply from the soil solid phase to the soil solution. Se measured by DGT was mainly derived from the soluble and exchangeable Se fractions that can accurately reflect the plant-absorbed Se pool. Therefore, the DGT technique is highly applicable in the simultaneous prediction of Se bioavailability in naturally Se-enriched soils.