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Related Concept Videos

Average Velocity01:12

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To calculate the other physical quantities in kinematics, we must introduce the time variable. The time variable allows us not only to state the position of the object during its motion, but also how fast it is moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position xi, we assign a particular time ti. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity. This...
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Instantaneous Velocity - II01:10

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Instantaneous velocity is the quantity that measures how fast an object is moving along its path. In other words, the instantaneous velocity of an object is the limit of the average velocity as the elapsed time approaches zero, or the derivative of displacement with respect to time. Like average velocity, the instantaneous velocity is a vector with the dimensions of length per unit time. Instantaneous velocity can have both positive and negative values. The instantaneous velocity can be...
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The escape velocity of an object is defined as the minimum initial velocity that it requires to escape the surface of another object to which it is gravitationally bound and never to return. For example, what would be the minimum velocity at which a satellite should be launched from the Earth's surface such that it just escapes the Earth's gravitational field?
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Velocity Potential01:20

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In steady, incompressible flow through a long, straight pipe with a uniform cross-section, the flow in the central region (far from the pipe walls) is irrotational. This irrotational nature means that fluid particles do not rotate around their axes, and a scalar function called the velocity potential, represented by ϕ, can be used to describe their movement. In irrotational flows, the velocity field V is defined as the gradient of the velocity potential:
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Drift Velocity01:19

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The high speed of electrical signals results from the fact that the force between charges acts rapidly at a distance. Thus, when a free charge is forced into a wire, the incoming charge pushes other charges ahead due to the repulsive force between like charges. These moving charges move the charges farther down the line. The density of charge in a system cannot easily be increased, so the signal is passed on rapidly. The resulting electrical shock wave moves through the system at nearly the...
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Instantaneous Velocity - I01:15

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The average velocity during a time interval cannot tell us how fast or in what direction a particle is moving at any given time during the interval. To calculate this, it is important to know the instantaneous velocity, which is the velocity at a specific instant of time or at a specific point along the path. Instantaneous velocity is the quantity that measures how fast an object is moving along its path. In other words, the instantaneous velocity vx of an object is the limit of the average...
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Aircraft and Ship Velocity Determination in Sentinel-2 Multispectral Images.

Henning Heiselberg1

  • 1National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. hh@space.dtu.dk.

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|July 3, 2019
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Summary

This study presents an algorithm to determine the speed and heading of aircraft and ships using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The method leverages multispectral band offsets to calculate velocities, improving remote sensing capabilities.

Keywords:
Sentinel-2aircraftaltitudejet streammultispectralparallaxshiptemporal offsetsvelocity

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Area of Science:

  • Remote Sensing
  • Geophysics
  • Aerospace Engineering

Background:

  • Sentinel-2 satellites provide multispectral images with temporal offsets.
  • Moving objects like aircraft and ships appear at different positions across bands.
  • These positional differences enable velocity estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an algorithm for detecting and determining the velocity of aircraft and ships.
  • To analyze factors affecting velocity measurements, such as parallax and jet streams for aircraft.
  • To improve ship velocity determination by addressing wake effects in multispectral bands.

Main Methods:

  • Algorithm development for object detection (aircraft, ships).
  • Utilizing multispectral band time offsets for velocity calculation.
  • Geometric analysis for aircraft altitude and jet stream speed determination.
  • Advanced correction methods for ship wake effects on velocity.

Main Results:

  • Successful detection and velocity determination for aircraft and ships.
  • Quantification of aircraft altitude and jet stream speed from contrail geometry.
  • Improved accuracy in ship speed determination through advanced wake correction techniques.

Conclusions:

  • The developed algorithm effectively determines aircraft and ship velocities from Sentinel-2 data.
  • The method accounts for and corrects for parallax, jet streams, and ship wakes.
  • This research enhances the utility of Sentinel-2 for tracking moving objects and understanding atmospheric/maritime dynamics.