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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing
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Wind farm power optimization through wake steering.

Michael F Howland1, Sanjiva K Lele1,2, John O Dabiri3,4

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Wake steering control increases wind farm power output by deflecting turbine wakes. This method shows potential for improving renewable energy efficiency and predictability, crucial for meeting climate goals.

Keywords:
data scienceturbulencewind energy

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Area of Science:

  • Renewable Energy Engineering
  • Aerodynamics
  • Climate Change Mitigation

Background:

  • Global energy demands necessitate increased renewable sources, with wind power being critical for low-carbon energy production.
  • Wind farm efficiency is significantly reduced by turbine wake effects, especially when turbines are closely spaced.
  • Current wind energy targets require substantial growth in production, highlighting the need for efficiency improvements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and test a wake steering control scheme to maximize wind farm power production.
  • To mitigate efficiency losses caused by turbine wake interactions within wind farms.
  • To enhance the reliability and predictability of wind energy generation.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a wake steering control strategy using yaw misalignment to deflect turbine wakes.
  • Utilized site-specific analytic gradient ascent optimization based on historical operational data.
  • Conducted field testing of the control scheme at an operational wind farm in Alberta, Canada.

Main Results:

  • Achieved statistically significant power increases of 7-15% for average wind speeds and specific wind directions.
  • Observed power increases of 28-35% for low wind speeds under the same directional conditions.
  • Demonstrated a reduction in wind farm power production variability by up to 15%.

Conclusions:

  • Wake steering control effectively increases wind farm power output and reduces output variability.
  • While annual energy production gains were not significant at the tested site, the method proves the potential for enhanced efficiency.
  • The findings support wake steering as a viable strategy for improving the performance of wind energy systems.