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Ecomorphological diversification in squamates from conserved pattern of cranial integration.

Akinobu Watanabe1,2,3, Anne-Claire Fabre2, Ryan N Felice2,4

  • 1Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568; awatanab@nyit.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Diet and habitat shape squamate skull evolution, influencing cranial shape and evolutionary rates. This study reveals convergent evolution in fossorial and aquatic species, with lizards and snakes showing distinct but integrated cranial development.

Keywords:
Squamatageometric morphometricsintegration and modularitymacroevolutionskull

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Paleontology

Background:

  • Squamates (lizards and snakes) display vast morphological and developmental diversity linked to their ecological niches.
  • Analyzing squamate cranial evolution is challenging due to their exceptional diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively analyze squamate skull evolution across modern and extinct species.
  • To identify key drivers of cranial evolution, integrating intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Main Methods:

  • High-density morphometric analysis of skulls from 181 squamate species.
  • Ancestral cranial reconstructions using quantitative data.

Main Results:

  • Diet and habitat significantly influence skull shape evolution, unlike reproductive mode.
  • Convergent skull shape evolution observed in fossorial and aquatic squamates.
  • Lizards and snakes exhibit distinct evolutionary patterns in skull regions related to feeding and jaw mechanics.

Conclusions:

  • Snake origins are reconstructed as terrestrial and non-fossorial.
  • Despite divergent trends, lizards and snakes share conserved patterns of trait integration in the skull.
  • Diverse squamate phenotypes arise from differential selection on integrated traits.