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Related Concept Videos

Aggregates Classification01:29

Aggregates Classification

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Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
Petrographic classification groups aggregates based on common mineralogical characteristics. Some of the common mineral groups found in aggregates are...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
482
Specific Gravity of Aggregate01:19

Specific Gravity of Aggregate

776
Aggregates typically contain pores, which can be either permeable or impermeable. Considering the pores in the aggregates, the specific gravity of aggregates is defined in three different forms, namely, bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity.
Bulk or gross specific gravity is calculated by taking the ratio of the mass of aggregates in the saturated surface-dry state to the total volume that includes both the solids and the voids within the...
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Bulk Density of Aggregate01:22

Bulk Density of Aggregate

1.1K
Bulk density refers to the mass of aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The concept of bulk density originates from the inability to pack aggregate particles in a manner that completely eliminates void spaces. Hence, the term bulk refers to the volume that encompasses both the aggregates and the voids. This measurement is crucial when aggregates are batched by volume and is used to convert quantities by mass to volume.
Most natural mineral aggregates, like sand and gravel,...
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Design Example: Aggregate Gradation01:24

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

320
The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
The grading, or particle-size distribution, of sand is determined using sieve analysis, with standard sizes ranging from 150 μm to 10 mm (ASTM No. 100 sieve to 3⁄8 in. sieve). Sand is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A Method to Study α-Synuclein Toxicity and Aggregation Using a Humanized Yeast Model
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Cellular models of alpha-synuclein toxicity and aggregation.

Marion Delenclos1, Jeremy D Burgess1,2, Agaristi Lamprokostopoulou3

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.

Journal of Neurochemistry
|July 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) misfolding drives neurodegenerative diseases. This review covers cell models, including patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), for studying α-synuclein toxicity and screening therapeutics.

Keywords:
Parkinson’s diseasecellular modeldopaminergic neuronsoligomersα-Synuclein

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Exogenous Administration of Microsomes-associated Alpha-synuclein Aggregates to Primary Neurons As a Powerful Cell Model of Fibrils Formation
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) misfolding and aggregation are central to Lewy body disorders like Parkinson's disease.
  • The precise function of α-synuclein and its neurotoxic mechanisms remain incompletely understood.
  • Cellular models are vital for investigating disease pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic modulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diverse cell culture models used to study α-synuclein pathology.
  • To highlight the utility of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in modeling disease.
  • To discuss the application of these models in high-throughput screening for therapeutic agents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on α-synuclein cell models.
  • Categorization of models from simple unicellular organisms to complex iPSC-derived neurons.
  • Analysis of model capabilities in recapitulating α-synuclein oligomerization, toxicity, and propagation.

Main Results:

  • Various cell models exist, each capturing specific aspects of α-synuclein-related neurotoxicity.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models offer patient-specific recapitulation of neuronal characteristics.
  • Cellular models are effective for screening compounds that modulate α-synuclein toxicity and propagation.

Conclusions:

  • Cell culture models are indispensable tools for understanding α-synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration.
  • iPSC-based models provide a powerful platform for mechanistic studies and personalized medicine approaches.
  • These models facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutics for Lewy body disorders.