Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation01:33

Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation

7.8K
Aldol condensation is an acid or base-catalyzed condensation between aldehydes or ketones to give an α,ꞵ-unsaturated carbonyl compound. A base-promoted condensation between ester molecules to produce a ꞵ-ketoester is known as the Claisen condensation. In the presence of a base, both reactions involve deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen to produce the corresponding enolates. The nucleophilic enolates attack their respective nonenolized carbonyl compound forming a tetrahedral...
7.8K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

20.7K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
20.7K
Aldol Condensation with β-Diesters: Knoevenagel Condensation01:27

Aldol Condensation with β-Diesters: Knoevenagel Condensation

3.7K
The Knoevenagel condensation is an aldol-type reaction involving the condensation of aldehydes or ketones with active methylene compounds such as β-diesters to produce substituted olefins.
3.7K
C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview01:10

C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview

16.2K
Aldol condensation is an important route in synthetic organic chemistry used to generate a new carbon–carbon bond under basic or acidic conditions. The aldol condensation reaction presented in Figure 1 constitutes an aldol addition reaction followed by the dehydration process.
16.2K
Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism01:08

Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism

4.7K
Regular Claisen condensation involves the synthesis of β-ketoesters by combining identical ester molecules bearing two α hydrogens in the presence of an alkoxide base. The reaction commences with the deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen by the base to form a resonance stabilized ester enolate. This nucleophilic ion then attacks the carbonyl center of another ester molecule to generate a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate. Next, the expulsion of the alkoxide group from the...
4.7K
Dehydration of Aldols to Enones: Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation00:43

Dehydration of Aldols to Enones: Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

3.0K
As shown in Figure 1, under acidic conditions, the β-hydroxy ketone undergoes dehydration via an E1 elimination reaction to form an enone.
3.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Curcumin Metabolites and Metabolic Health: Insights into Regulatory Mechanisms of Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis.

The American journal of Chinese medicine·2026
Same author

Curcumin ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease <i>via</i> targeting triokinase/FMN cyclase to regulate the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3: Integration of chemical proteomics and transcriptomics.

Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B·2026
Same author

Hydrophobicity Does Not Affect Water Slip: Insights from Slip Length Mapping.

Nano letters·2026
Same author

Dual-stage Healing Mechanism of Dynamic PDMS Vitrimer Thin Films.

Nano letters·2026
Same author

Scalable Photothermal Superhydrophobic Deicing Coating with Mechanochemical-Thermal Robustness.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025
Same author

Nanostructuring of Additively Manufactured Stainless-Steel Surfaces for Superior Boiling Heat Transfer.

Nano letters·2025
Same journal

Formation of Bimetallic Nanoparticles via Exsolution Using a Reducible Metal Oxide Capping Layer.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

Cold-Driven Thermoelectric Patch for Postoperative Tumor Control.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

Chemically Fueled Interfacial Supramolecular Polymerization.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

Tactile Neuromorphic Ion-Gated Vertical Transistor Displays Enabling Dual-Output Reservoir Computing.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

In Situ Oxygen Shuttling within a Bilayer Electrified Membrane Enables Aeration-Free Electro-Fenton Water Purification.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

Single Atoms as Growth Directors: From Graphene Edges to Atomically Precise Interfaces in 2D Materials.

ACS nano·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis
09:56

Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis

Published on: September 6, 2019

7.2K

Hierarchical Condensation.

Xiao Yan1, Feng Chen2, Soumyadip Sett1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.

ACS Nano
|July 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hierarchical condensation on micro/nanostructured surfaces efficiently removes small droplets via coalescence and self-transport, overcoming limitations of hydrophobic surfaces for enhanced heat transfer and durability.

Keywords:
coalescencecondensationdiverginghierarchical surfacesjumpingself-transportsuperhydrophobic

More Related Videos

Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold
05:28

Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.1K
Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations
08:03

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations

Published on: December 7, 2021

2.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis
09:56

Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis

Published on: September 6, 2019

7.2K
Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold
05:28

Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.1K
Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations
08:03

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations

Published on: December 7, 2021

2.7K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Engineering
  • Heat Transfer

Background:

  • Condensation heat transfer is crucial for many technologies.
  • Hydrophobic surfaces enhance droplet shedding but face limitations with sub-10 μm droplets due to adhesion and viscosity.
  • Nanoscale limitations hinder efficient condensation at smaller scales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a hierarchical condensation strategy for ultra-efficient droplet shedding.
  • To design micro/nanostructured surfaces that overcome limitations of current hydrophobic surfaces.
  • To investigate the heat transfer performance and durability of hierarchical condensation surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of hierarchical copper oxide microhill structures with nanoscale features.
  • High-speed optical microscopy and focal plane shift imaging to observe droplet dynamics.
  • Analytical modeling to elucidate heat transfer performance.
  • Abrasive wear tests to assess surface durability.

Main Results:

  • Hierarchical condensation enables coexistence of large (∼100 μm) and small (<1 μm) droplets.
  • Efficient removal of sub-10 μm droplets via coalescence and self-transport to larger droplets.
  • Large droplets accelerate underlying droplet growth by ∼21% and shift size distribution to smaller radii.
  • Demonstrated potential to break minimum droplet departure size limits and showed good durability.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchical condensation offers a novel approach to enhance condensation heat transfer beyond current limitations.
  • Rational design of micro/nanostructured surfaces is key for efficient droplet shedding and heat transfer.
  • The developed surfaces show promise for applications requiring high heat transfer efficiency and mechanical robustness.