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Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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Thermal Infrared Pedestrian Segmentation Based on Conditional GAN.

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    IEEE Transactions on Image Processing : a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society
    |July 3, 2019
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    A new algorithm improves thermal infrared pedestrian segmentation for vehicles using a conditional generative adversarial network (c-GAN). This method offers higher accuracy and robustness, especially in challenging environments.

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    Area of Science:

    • Computer Vision
    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Machine Learning

    Background:

    • Accurate pedestrian detection is crucial for intelligent vehicular systems.
    • Existing segmentation algorithms struggle with thermal infrared imagery, especially in complex scenes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel thermal infrared pedestrian segmentation algorithm for intelligent vehicular applications.
    • To enhance the accuracy and robustness of pedestrian segmentation in challenging environments.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed an improved U-Net with residual blocks as the generator backbone.
    • Introduced cross-entropy loss as a condition for the generator.
    • Proposed SandwichNet, a novel convolutional network, as the discriminator.
    • Utilized a conditional generative adversarial network (c-GAN) framework.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed algorithm, IPS-cGAN, achieved good segmentation performance for thermal infrared pedestrians.
    • Demonstrated higher accuracy and better robustness compared to existing supervised and unsupervised methods.
    • Showcased particular effectiveness in complex scenes.

    Conclusions:

    • The IPS-cGAN algorithm represents a significant advancement in thermal infrared pedestrian segmentation.
    • The method shows strong potential for improving safety in intelligent vehicular systems.
    • The proposed architecture and conditioning strategy enhance segmentation performance in challenging conditions.