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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Perspectives on Neuroscience

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Published on: July 31, 2007

Telepharmacy Services: Present Status and Future Perspectives: A Review.

Simone Baldoni¹, Francesco Amenta¹, Giovanna Ricci²

¹Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Health Products, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

|July 4, 2019

Summary

Telepharmacy, using information and communication technology (ICT), offers pharmaceutical care remotely. While effective for underserved areas and pharmacist shortages, legal issues hinder its widespread adoption.

Keywords:

clinical pharmacy community pharmacy internet pharmacy pharmaceutical care telepharmacy telepharmacy of care

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Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Care
Health Informatics
Pharmacy Practice

Background:

Telepharmacy utilizes information and communication technology (ICT) for remote pharmaceutical care.
It addresses challenges like pharmacist shortages and access in underserved regions.
This review synthesizes diverse telepharmacy experiences, benefits, and limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the multifaceted phenomenon of telepharmacy.
To summarize various telepharmacy applications and experiences.
To discuss the advantages and limitations of telepharmacy services.

Main Methods:

A literature analysis was conducted on PubMed.
The search term used was "telepharmacy".
Articles published between 2012 and 2018 were included.

Main Results:

Reviewed studies categorized telepharmacy into clinical support, remote education/special pharmacies, and prescription/reconciliation.
Telepharmacy services demonstrated effectiveness in general.
Target populations reported satisfaction with telepharmacy interventions.

Conclusions:

Telepharmacy offers a potential solution to health personnel shortages, particularly pharmacists.
Unresolved limitations, such as legal implications, impede broader telepharmacy diffusion.
Further evidence on effectiveness and critical evaluation of limits are needed to promote telepharmacy adoption for community benefit.