Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

43.4K
An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
43.4K
Molecular Orbital Theory II03:51

Molecular Orbital Theory II

27.0K
Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
27.0K
Molecular Orbital Theory I02:35

Molecular Orbital Theory I

47.1K
Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory
47.1K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

48.3K
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
48.3K
Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

71.9K
Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
71.9K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

66.1K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
66.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A reliable chaos-based cryptography using Galois field.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2021
Same journal

Multiscale dynamics of special memristive ion channels in a neural circuit.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

Symmetry-protected delay spectroscopy in oscillator networks.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

Mesoscale community organization governs epidemic onset and spread in metapopulations.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

Topological dependence of viral mutation spread in complex host-interaction networks.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

Multifractal signatures of Hamiltonian chaos in Hyperion's rotational dynamics.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

Exploring mechanisms for reversal of flow in tunicate hearts.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography
04:48

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

Published on: November 30, 2022

3.4K

Image encryption based on the pseudo-orbits from 1D chaotic map.

Erivelton G Nepomuceno1, Lucas G Nardo1, Janier Arias-Garcia2

  • 1Control and Modelling Group (GCOM), Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, MG 36307-352, Brazil.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)
|July 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new image encryption method using pseudo-orbits of 1D chaotic maps to generate secure random sequences. The novel approach enhances randomness and key space, overcoming limitations of previous chaotic image encryption techniques.

More Related Videos

Meta-analysis of Voxel-Based Neuroimaging Studies using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images SDM-PSI
06:26

Meta-analysis of Voxel-Based Neuroimaging Studies using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images SDM-PSI

Published on: November 27, 2019

77.3K
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

638

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography
04:48

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

Published on: November 30, 2022

3.4K
Meta-analysis of Voxel-Based Neuroimaging Studies using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images SDM-PSI
06:26

Meta-analysis of Voxel-Based Neuroimaging Studies using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images SDM-PSI

Published on: November 27, 2019

77.3K
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

638

Area of Science:

  • Cryptography
  • Applied Mathematics
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Chaotic systems are widely used for image encryption due to their inherent randomness.
  • A significant limitation of chaotic image encryption is dynamical degradation.
  • Existing methods often suffer from small key spaces, particularly those using 1D chaotic maps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel image encryption scheme that overcomes the dynamical degradation issue.
  • To enhance the randomness and key space limitations of 1D chaotic maps in image encryption.
  • To develop a secure and effective method for encrypting digital images.

Main Methods:

  • The proposed scheme utilizes the difference of two pseudo-orbits generated from 1D chaotic maps to create a random sequence.
  • The generated random sequence passed all National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) statistical tests for randomness.
  • Key space enhancement is achieved through a novel procedure involving multiple perturbations in the transient time, incorporating the plain image as a perturbation factor.

Main Results:

  • The generated random sequence demonstrated adequate randomness, passing all NIST tests.
  • Effective implementation of confusion and diffusion properties essential for secure encryption.
  • The key space was significantly improved compared to traditional 1D chaotic map-based methods.
  • The encryption scheme was successfully validated on standard test images like Lena, Baboon, and Barbara.

Conclusions:

  • The novel image encryption scheme based on pseudo-orbits of 1D chaotic maps effectively addresses dynamical degradation.
  • The method provides a robust random sequence with enhanced randomness and a significantly larger key space.
  • The proposed technique offers a secure and practical solution for digital image encryption.