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Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Resistivity01:22

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Resistance01:19

Resistance

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Antimicrobial resistance - moving forward?

Marta Lomazzi1,2, Michael Moore3, April Johnson4

  • 1Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 9 ch. des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland. marta.lomazzi@unige.ch.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat driven by drug overuse. The World Federation of Public Health Associations (WFPHA) proposes the "Global Charter for the Public's Health" to integrate actions against AMR.

Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistanceGlobal charterGlobal public healthIntersectoral approach

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Microbiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Microorganisms develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through prolonged exposure to drugs.
  • Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, animals, and plants contribute to the rise of AMR.
  • AMR is a significant global public health concern requiring integrated solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the need for multi-disciplinary partnerships to combat AMR.
  • To emphasize the role of public health in guiding AMR strategies.
  • To propose a tool for implementing complex public health actions against AMR.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the global AMR challenge.
  • Review of existing calls for integrated action on AMR.
  • Introduction of the "Global Charter for the Public's Health" as a proposed solution.

Main Results:

  • Lack of multi-disciplinary partnerships hinders strategic cooperation in AMR control.
  • Public health leadership is crucial for integrating efforts across sectors.
  • The WFPHA's call for integrated action underscores the need for a centralized approach.

Conclusions:

  • The "Global Charter for the Public's Health" offers a framework for implementing comprehensive public health strategies against AMR.
  • Integrated action, with public health at its core, is essential for addressing the complex challenge of AMR.
  • Collaboration between various stakeholders, including governments, industry, and researchers, is vital for success.