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Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert...
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A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By understanding these factors, the appropriate dosage can be determined, and the dosing schedule can be designed to achieve and maintain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus
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Rational use of the fluoroquinolones.

G A Richards1, A J Brink, C Feldman

  • 1Department of Critical Care, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. guy.richards@wits.ac.za.

South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde
|July 4, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic fluoroquinolones (FQs) carry risks and are not recommended for common infections. However, FQs remain vital for specific serious conditions where their benefits outweigh potential side effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Systemic fluoroquinolones (FQs) are associated with significant adverse events in some patients.
  • Regulatory agencies like the FDA and EMA have issued warnings regarding FQ use.
  • Concerns over side effects necessitate careful consideration of FQ prescribing practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the risks and benefits of systemic fluoroquinolones.
  • To delineate appropriate clinical scenarios for FQ utilization.
  • To provide guidance on FQ use in light of recent safety warnings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent safety data and regulatory warnings concerning fluoroquinolones.
  • Analysis of clinical guidelines and evidence for FQ efficacy in various infections.
  • Comparison of oral FQ therapy versus parenteral treatment options.

Main Results:

  • Fluoroquinolones are not recommended for common bacterial infections when alternatives exist.
  • FQs demonstrate significant benefit in treating specific severe conditions, including acute prostatitis, typhoid fever, and prosthetic joint infections.
  • In certain cases, oral FQ administration offers a viable alternative to hospitalization for parenteral therapy.

Conclusions:

  • The use of systemic fluoroquinolones should be restricted to situations where alternative oral agents are not feasible or effective.
  • For specific complex or resistant infections, the therapeutic advantages of fluoroquinolones justify their use despite potential risks.
  • Careful patient selection and risk-benefit assessment are crucial for optimizing fluoroquinolone therapy.