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Related Concept Videos

Series R—L Circuit Transients01:22

Series R—L Circuit Transients

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In a series resistor-inductor (R-L) circuit, closing the switch at the start of the time period simulates a three-phase short circuit, a fault condition where all three phases of an unloaded synchronous machine are short-circuited. When there is no fault impedance and no initial current, the initial voltage is determined by the phase angle of the source voltage.
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In control systems, test signals are essential for evaluating performance under various conditions. The ramp function is effective for systems undergoing gradual changes, while the step function is suitable for assessing systems facing sudden disturbances. For systems subjected to shock inputs, the impulse function is the most appropriate test signal.
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The scalar multiplication of two vectors is known as the scalar or dot product. As the name indicates, the scalar product of two vectors results in a number, that is, a scalar quantity. Scalar products are used to define work and energy relations. For example, the work that a force (a vector) performs on an object while causing its displacement (a vector) is defined as a scalar product of the force vector with the displacement vector.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana
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A High-Throughput System for Transient and Stable Protein Production in Mammalian Cells.

Sarah M Rue1, Paul W Anderson2,3, Michelle R Gaylord2

  • 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA. srue@gnf.org.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces the Protein Expression and Purification Platform (PEPP), an automated system for producing recombinant proteins. PEPP utilizes Human embryonic kidney (HEK) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for efficient protein expression and purification, aiding drug discovery.

Keywords:
AutomationCHOCell cultureChinese hamster ovaryExpressionHEKHuman embryonic kidneyMammalianPEPPProteinProtein purificationRoboticsStableTransient

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Recombinant protein production is crucial for biomedical research and drug discovery.
  • Automation and robotics have advanced protein expression and purification processes.
  • Human embryonic kidney (HEK) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are standard hosts for mammalian protein production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a fully automated platform, the Protein Expression and Purification Platform (PEPP), for recombinant protein production.
  • To detail the use of HEK cells for transient and CHO cells for stable protein production.
  • To highlight the platform's utility in early-stage drug discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a custom automated platform, PEPP, integrating robotics and instrumentation.
  • Utilization of custom cell culture ware and scheduling software (Runtime).
  • Application of PEPP for both transient protein production from HEK cells and stable production from CHO cells.

Main Results:

  • PEPP enables cost-effective and consistent protein production.
  • The platform yields proteins in quantities and quality suitable for drug discovery tasks.
  • Facilitates rapid and parallel processing of cell culture and protein analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The automated PEPP platform streamlines recombinant protein production.
  • PEPP supports various early-stage drug discovery applications, including screening and bioassays.
  • This automated approach enhances efficiency and reliability in protein manufacturing.