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Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Related Experiment Video

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Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine
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Enhancing Water Harvesting through the Cascading Effect.

Barbara Ting Wei Ang, Jiong Zhang, Gabriel Jiajun Lin

    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
    |July 4, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel microstructure design for atmospheric water harvesting. A cascading effect design significantly enhances water collection by utilizing previously uncollected water, yielding three times more water.

    Keywords:
    active water harvesting regionatmospheric water harvestercascading effectefficient water harvestingpassive water harvesting region

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Environmental Engineering
    • Water Resource Management

    Background:

    • Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) offers a sustainable solution for water security, utilizing cost-effective, zero-energy mechanisms.
    • Current AWH devices often employ bio-inspired microstructures but suffer from inefficient water collection due to distinct active (AWHR) and passive (PWHR) regions.
    • Uncollected water in the PWHR is prone to re-evaporation, limiting overall harvesting efficiency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel microstructure design that enhances water harvesting efficiency by utilizing both active and passive regions.
    • To investigate the potential of a cascading effect to improve water collection from atmospheric water harvesters.
    • To address the limitations of current AWH designs by optimizing the utilization of all available water harvesting surfaces.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and fabrication of a novel microstructure with a cascading effect for atmospheric water harvesting.
    • Experimental evaluation of the proposed design's water harvesting performance compared to unmodified harvesters.
    • Analysis of water droplet behavior and collection efficiency across different regions of the harvester.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed microstructure design successfully induced a cascading effect, enabling water harvesting from both AWHR and PWHR.
    • The modified water harvester demonstrated approximately three times greater water collection compared to the unmodified design.
    • The cascading effect effectively utilized water droplets from the PWHR, mitigating re-evaporation losses.

    Conclusions:

    • The cascading effect is a crucial factor for optimizing atmospheric water harvesting efficiency.
    • Future AWH designs must consider and integrate strategies to utilize the PWHR for maximal water collection.
    • This work presents a promising approach to significantly improve water yield from high humidity conditions.