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Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
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Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Extraction of Aqueous Metabolites from Cultured Adherent Cells for Metabolomic Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Encoding information in synthetic metabolomes.

Eamonn Kennedy1, Christopher E Arcadia1, Joseph Geiser2

  • 1School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America.

Plos One
|July 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel method to store digital data in synthetic metabolomes using small molecules. This biomolecular approach achieved over 99% accuracy in decoding kilobyte-scale image datasets, demonstrating potential for new data storage technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomolecular Information Systems
  • Chemical Data Storage

Background:

  • Conventional semiconductor technologies can be complemented by biomolecular information systems.
  • Small molecules, particularly metabolites downstream from DNA, represent an information-rich system with potential for data storage and processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of post-genomic data storage using small molecules.
  • To establish a workflow for encoding and decoding abstract data within synthetic metabolomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing robotic liquid handling for writing digital information into chemical mixtures.
  • Employing mass spectrometry for data extraction from the synthetic metabolomes.
  • Applying multi-mass logistic regression for data decoding.

Main Results:

  • Successfully represented kilobyte-scale image datasets within synthetic metabolomes.
  • Achieved decoding accuracy exceeding 99% for stored data.
  • Demonstrated the storage of over 100,000 bits of digital image data in metabolomes.

Conclusions:

  • Small-molecule-based chemical information systems offer a viable alternative for data storage.
  • This proof-of-principle study highlights the benefits and limitations of using metabolomes for information processing.