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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

155.8K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
155.8K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.6K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.6K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

38.4K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
38.4K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.5K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.5K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

6.6K
6.6K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

14.1K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
14.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
09:13

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Published on: August 22, 2017

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Local translation in neurons: visualization and function.

Christine E Holt1, Kelsey C Martin2, Erin M Schuman3

  • 1Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ceh33@cam.ac.uk.

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
|July 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local protein synthesis in neurons provides essential components for dendrites and axons. This process is crucial for forming synaptic connections and storing information, highlighting its importance in neuronal function.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Neurons exhibit high compartmentalization, utilizing proteins as key sensors and effectors.
  • Proteome modification in neuronal axons and dendrites is vital for synaptic formation and information storage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting local protein synthesis as a significant source of proteins for neuronal compartments.
  • To explore the functional implications of local translation in various neuronal processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and experimental data.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating protein synthesis machinery in neurons.
  • Examination of direct visualizations and functional studies of local translation.

Main Results:

  • The machinery for protein synthesis is present in neuronal dendrites and axons.
  • Local translation has been directly visualized and demonstrated in neurons.
  • Local protein synthesis plays established functional roles in diverse neuronal activities.

Conclusions:

  • Local protein synthesis is a critical mechanism supplying proteins to neuronal compartments.
  • Further research is needed to address open questions and explore future directions in this field.