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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

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Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
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Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

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Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
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Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

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Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Determination of Carbonyl Functional Groups in Bio-oils by Potentiometric Titration: The Faix Method
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Promoting microbial utilization of phenolic substrates from bio-oil.

Kirsten Davis1, Marjorie R Rover2, Davinia Salvachúa3

  • 1Chemical and Biological Engineering, 4134 Biorenewable Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology
|July 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biorefinery lignin valorization is enhanced by emulsifying phenolic monomers, improving microbial utilization. This method increases the aqueous availability of biomass-derived compounds for microbial processes.

Keywords:
Bio-oilEmulsionLigninPhenolsPseudomonas putida KT2440

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Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Microbiology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • The economic feasibility of biorefineries hinges on effective lignin valorization.
  • Biological upgrading using aromatic-catabolic microbes is a promising lignin valorization strategy.
  • Fast pyrolysis and fractionation yield lignin monomers, but their low water solubility hinders microbial processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the challenge of low water solubility for lignin-derived phenolic monomers.
  • To investigate the use of an emulsifier blend to enhance the aqueous availability of phenolic monomers for microbial utilization.
  • To evaluate the growth of *Pseudomonas putida* KT2440 with emulsified phenolic monomers.

Main Methods:

  • An emulsifier blend of Tween® 20 (70 wt%) and Span® 80 (30 wt%) was formulated.
  • Phenolic monomer-rich product from red oak fast pyrolysis was emulsified.
  • Microbial growth of *Pseudomonas putida* KT2440 was assessed using optical density (OD600) measurements.

Main Results:

  • *Pseudomonas putida* KT2440 achieved an optical density (OD600) of 1.0 ± 0.2 with 1.6 wt% emulsified phenolic monomers.
  • The emulsifier dose was optimized at 0.076 ± 0.002 g emulsifier blend per g of phenolic monomer-rich product.
  • The emulsification strategy partially mitigated the toxicity of p-coumarate but not benzoate or vanillin.

Conclusions:

  • Emulsification of biomass-derived phenolics significantly enhances their aqueous availability.
  • This approach represents a proof of concept for improving microbial utilization of lignin monomers.
  • Further research is needed to address toxicity of specific phenolic compounds like benzoate and vanillin.